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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0114)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0114

Beschreibung: Glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs) are ubiquitously expressed proteins which catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxides and organic hydroperoxides by glutathione. There are several isoforms which differ in their primary structure and localization. The classical cytosolic/ mitochondrial GPx1 (cGPx) is a selenium-dependent enzyme, first of the GPx family to be discovered. GPx2, also known as gastrointestinal GPx (GI-GPx), is an intracellular enzyme expressed only at the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Extracellular plasma GPx (pGPx or GPx3) is mainly expressed by the kidney from where it is released into the blood circulation. Phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx4 (PH-GPx) expressed in most tissues, can reduce many hydroperoxides including hydroperoxides integrated in membranes, hydroperoxy lipids in low density lipoprotein or thymine. All mammalian GPx family members, except for the recently described Cys containing GPx3 and epididymis-specific secretory GPx (eGPx or GPx5) isoforms, possess selenocysteine at the active site.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0087)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0087

Beschreibung: Ubiquitin+1 (Ub+1) is a novel mutant form of ubiquitin that can be produced through a process known as molecular frameshift. Ub+1 can be polyubiquitinated to produce aberrant polyubiquitin chains that inhibit the 26S proteasome. Especially ub+1 is accumulated in aggregates containing amyloid-β and phosphorylated-tau. Elevated expression of Ub+1 mRNA and protein has been observed in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Also ub +1 acts as an aggravating factor in polyglutamine-induced neuro-degeneration.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0263)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0263

Beschreibung: Vimentin is a member of the intermediate filament family of proteins found in various non-epithelial cells, especially mesenchymal cells. Vimentin is responsible for maintaining cell shape, integrity of the cytoplasm, and stabilizing cytoskeletal interactions. Vimentin plays a significant role in supporting and anchoring the position of the organelles in the cytosol. Although most intermediate filaments are stable structures, vimentin also has a dynamic nature which is important when offering flexibility to the cell.
Two monomers which have central α-helical domains, capped on each end by non-helical domains twist around each other to form a coiled-coil dimer. Two dimers then form a tetramer, which, in turn, form a sheet by interacting with other tetramers.
There are some reports related to the biochemical function of intermediate filament network. The intracellular movement of LDL-derived cholesterol from the lysosome to the site of esterification is a vimentin-dependent process. A role for vimentin in mechanotransduction of shear stress has also been suggested. The mechanical stress of fluid shear on endothelial cells seems to trigger MAPK signaling pathways and stimulates proliferation.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0272)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0272

Beschreibung: The Smad family of proteins are functioning in the transmission of extracellular signals in the TGF-β signaling pathway. Binding of a TGF-β superfamily ligands to extracellular receptors triggers phosphorylation of Smad2 at a Serine-Serine-Methionine-Serine (SSMS) motif at its C-terminus. Phosphorylated Smad2 is then able to form a complex with Smad4. These complexes accumulate in the cell nucleus, where they are directly participating in the regulation of gene expression.
In mammals, eight Smad proteins have been identified to date. The Smad family of proteins can be divided into three functional groups: the receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads), common mediator Smads (Co-Smads), and the inhibitory Smads (I-Smads). The R-Smads are directly phosphorylated by the activated type I receptors on their C-terminal Ser-Ser-X-Ser (SSXS) motif and include Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad5, and Smad8. Smad2 and Smad3 are phosphorylated in response to TGF-β and activin, whereas Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8 are phosphorylated in response to BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein). This C-terminal phosphorylation allows R-Smad binding to Co-Smad, Smad4, and translocation to the nucleus where they regulate TGF-β target genes. Smad6 and Smad7 belong to the I-Smad which bind to the type I receptor or Smad4 and block their interaction with R-Smads.
The Smads share sequence similarities, most notably in the N-terminal and carboxy-terminal regions, referred to as the MH1 (Mad Homology 1) and MH2 domains respectively. Smad2 and Smad3 have 66% amino acid sequence identity between their MH1 domains and 96% amino acid sequence identity between their MH2 domains.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0317)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0317

Beschreibung: There are ten mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases
(MKPs) that act as negative regulators of MAPK activity in mammalian
cells.
MKP4(DUSP9) is a dual specificity phosphatase, which acts as a negative
regulator of insulin-stimulated pathways. MKP4 is expressed in kidney,
placenta and adipose tissue. MKP4, a cytosolic MKP with specificity to not
only Erk, but also, to a lesser extent, JNK and p38. MKP4 also reversed
the effect of TNF-a to inhibit insulin Signaling. MKP4 has a protective
effect against the development of insulin resistance through its ability to
dephosphorylate and inactivate crucial mediators of stress-induced insulin
resistance.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0248)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0248

Beschreibung: Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) has essential roles in the cell-division cycle as a CDK-activating kinase (CAK) and in the transcription as a component of the general transcription factor TFIIH.
This protein forms a trimeric complex with cyclin H and MAT1, which functions as a Cdk-activating kinase (CAK), phosphorylating cell-cycle CDKs. It is also an essential component of the transcription factor TFIIH, which phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of Pol II. This protein is thought to serve as a direct link between the regulation of transcription and the cell cycle.
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) shows a very unusual cell cycle structure, characterized by a short G1 phase and a high proportion of cells in S-phase. This is associated with a unique mechanism of cell cycle regulation by the activity of cyclin dependent protein kinase (Cdk). The unique cell cycle structure and mechanism of cell cycle control indicates that the cell cycle machinery plays a role in establishment or maintenance of the stem cell state.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0266)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0266

Beschreibung: Both Chk1 and Chk2 are critically important checkpoint kinases. Chk1 is essential for normal development and cell growth and Chk1 deficiency in mouse or in embryonic stem (ES) cells is lethal. Loss of Chk2 is tolerated and has been found to be associated with a subset of Li-Fraumeni cases. Li-Fraumeni syndrome increases greatly the susceptibility to cancer, with particularly high occurrences of breast cancer, brain tumors, acute leukemia, soft tissue sarcomas, bone sarcomas, and adrenal cortical carcinoma.
Chk2 regulates cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis in response to DNA damage, particularly to DNA double-strand breaks. The cell either stops the cell cycle and therefore its proliferation until the damage is repaired, or it destructs itself (apoptosis).
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) protein kinases exert cell cycle delay, in part, by phosphorylating Chk1, Chk2, and p53. Phosphorylation on Chk1 and p53 requires ATR, whereas phosphorylation on Chk2 requires ATM.
Screening of novel substrates of Chk1 and Ckh2 followed by imunoprecipitation kinase assay and site-directed mutagenesis analysis suggests that HDAC5 and PGC-1 are specific targets for Chk1 and/or Chk2 at least in vitro.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0277)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0277

Beschreibung: Hemoglobin (haemoglobin, Hb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport protein in the red blood cells of vertebrates. Its chief physiological function is to transport oxygen from the lungs or gills to the tissues where it releases the oxygen for the cellular respiration.
Hb A (most of adult hemoglobin) is a tetrameric protein with a molecular weight of 64,500 Da, consisting of two identical α-chains of 141 amino acids each, and two identical β-chains of 146 amino acids each. Each subunit or chain of Hb A adopts a three dimensional structure, called the globin fold, similar to that of the related, monomeric protein myoglobin (Mb). This fold is an arrangement of the helices which forms a pocket that encloses and binds a heme prosthetic group which consists of an iron (Fe) ion held in a heterocyclic ring, known as a porphyrin.
The binding of oxygen is a cooperative process. The binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is increased by the oxygen saturation of the molecule. the oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin is sigmoidal, or S-shaped, as opposed to the normal hyperbolic curve associated with noncooperative binding. Hemoglobin's oxygen-binding capacity is decreased in the presence of carbon monoxide because both gases compete for the same binding sites on hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide occupies a different binding site on the hemoglobin.
Some mutations in the globin chain are associated with the hemoglobinopathies, such as sickle-cell disease and thalassemia. Hemoglobin (Hb)-based O2 carriers (HBOCs) such as hemoglobin vesicle (HbV) have been investigated as a transfusion alternative and other clinical applications.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0256)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0256

Beschreibung: Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk) belong to a group of protein kinases originally discovered as being involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Cdks are also involved in the regulation of transcription and mRNA processing. A Cdk is activated by association with a cyclin, forming a cyclin-dependent kinase complex.
Cdk1, also known as cell division control protein 2 (cdc2), is one of the components of the maturation promoting factor (MPF) which is essential for G1/S and G2/M phase transitions of eukaryotic cell cycle. Cdk1, when bound to cyclin B, allows a dividing cell to enter into mitosis from G2 and permits the transition from G1 through S in conjunction with cyclin A and cyclin E. The Cdk1 protein is constantly present throughout the cell division cycle, but its activity is finely tuned by means of protein-protein interactions and reversible phosphorylation.
Cdk1 can also enhance cell migration. Increased levels of Cdk1 promote cell migration together with cyclin B2 and the actin-stabilizing protein caldesmon. Phosphorylation of caldesmon bound to actin results in the displacement of caldesmon from actin followed by the altered interaction of actin with myosin. These events contribute to increased cell migration.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0252)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0252

Beschreibung: The p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) comprise a family of serine/threonine kinases that lie at the terminus of the ERK pathway. In humans, the RSK family consists of four isoforms (RSK1 to -4). RSK family members are unusual among serine/threonine kinases in that they contain two distinct kinase domains, both of which are catalytically functional. Theses kinase dimains are activated in a sequential manner by a series of phosphorylations. RSK regulates gene expression via association and phosphorylation of transcriptional regulators including c-Fos, estrogen receptor, NFkappaB/IkappaB α, cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB).
ERK activates the C-terminal kinase of RSK, leading to activation of the N-terminal kinase. Members of the RSK family are present in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus. Addition of growth factor to the cells results in the activation of both cytosolic and nuclear RSK and the translocation of the cytosolic RSK into the nucleus upon activation. The activation and nuclear translocation of RSK result in phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0049)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0049

Beschreibung: The mammalian Phospholipase C(PLC) family has two closely related proteins, PLC1 and PLC2. The PLC isozymes have the core structure domains and a unique array of domains containing an additional PH domain, two SH2 domains and one SH3 domain. In response to extracellular stimuli, such as hormones and growth factors, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) phosphorylate and activate PLC. Activated PLC catalyzes hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to produce the metabolic second messenger molecules inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0285)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0285

Beschreibung: Heat shock proteins are ubiquitous proteins and have been characterized as cytoprotective molecular chaperones. The typical function of a chaperone is to assist a protein to attain its functional conformation to prevent non-functional aggregation of misfolded proteins. The principal HSP families are HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and the small HSPs including HSP27, ubiquitin, α-crystallin, Hsp20 and others. The common functions of small Hsps are chaperone activity, thermotolerance, inhibition of apoptosis, regulation of cell development, and cell differentiation.
Hsp27 has a molecular weight of approximately 27 kDa, although it has been shown to form large aggregates of up to 800 kDa in the cytosol. Hsp27 is found in several types of human cells, including tumour cells. Hsp27 interferes with apoptosis through its ability to interact with and inhibit key components of the apoptotic signaling pathway, including the caspase activation complex. Overexpression of heat shock proteins can increase the tumorigenic potential of tumour cells. HSP27 also has been reported to be involved in development and progression of hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0287)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0287

Beschreibung: PTEN acts as a phosphatase to dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns (3,4,5)P3). The product of this enzymatic reaction is PtdIns(4,5)P2. This dephosphorylation is important because it results in inhibition of the AKT signaling pathway.
PTEN is a 403 amino acid protein, and a member of the large PTP (protein tyrosine phosphatase) family. PTEN crystal structure revealed that the N-terminal phosphatase domain is followed by a tightly associated C-terminal C2 domain. These two domains together form a minimal catalytic unit. The phosphatase domain contains the active site which carries out the enzymatic function of the protein, whilst the C2 domain allows PTEN to bind to the phospholipid membrane.
PTEN is one of the most commonly lost tumour suppressors in human cancer, and its deregulation is also implicated in several other diseases. Hereditary mutation of PTEN causes tumor-susceptibility diseases such as Cowden disease.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0326)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0326

Beschreibung: Ferritin is a ubiquitous and highly conserved protein which plays a major role in iron homeostasis. It is a holoenzyme shell (~450 kDa) consisting of 24 subunits of two types, H(heavy) and L(light), and capable of storing up to 4,500 atoms of ferric iron. Depending on the tissue type and physiologic status of the cell, the ratio of H to L subunits in ferritin can vary widely. It can be viewed not only as part of a group of iron regulatory proteins that include transferrin and the transferrin receptor, but also as a member of
the protein family that orchestrates the cellular defense against stress and inflammation. Ferritin is found in the liver, spleen, kidney and heart. Only a small amount is found in the blood. The blood level of ferritin serves as an indicator of the amount of iron stored in the body.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0333)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0333

Beschreibung: Protein phosphatase-1(PP1) is one of the major Ser/Thr protein phosphatases and is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. PP1 is localized to its site of action by interacting with targeting or regulatory proteins, a majority of which contains a primary docking site referred to as the RVXF/W motif.
The catalytic subunit of PP1 exists as three isoforms, PP1a, PP1b, and PP1r. The PP1 catalytic subunits are small proteins of 37kDa, which are highly conserved, with their main differences falling in the C-term. The PP1 catalytic subunit exists in the cell in complex with a large number of targeting/regulatory subunits, thereby generating different enzyme forms that allow it to perform a diverse number of cellular functions.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0127)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0127

Beschreibung: Apolipoprotien A-I (Apo A-I) is one of the major protein components in high density lipoprotein(HDL). The molecular weight is reported to be 28.3 kDa. Apo A-I acts as a cofactor for lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase(LCAT), which is important in removing excess cholesterol from tissues and incorporating it into HDL for reverse transport to the liver. Some of the apolipoproteins act as ligands to tissue receptors, while others activate or inhibit enzymes involved in metabolic steps in the circulation or tissues. Apo A-I plays important roles in atherosclerosis, tangier disease, coronary heart disease.

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