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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0013)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0013

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0304)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0304

Beschreibung: Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase rho (RPTPρ/PTPRT) is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in the developing and adult central nervous system. It is a member of the RPTP R2B subfamily, which includes PTPκ, PTPμ and PCP-2. The R2B phosphatases are known to interact with members of the cadherin/catenin complex.
These four RPTPs share the same domain structure: an extracelluar domain, a juxtamembrane region, and two phosphatase domains. The extracellular domain of PTPR mediates cell-cell aggregation and that mutational inactivation of this phosphatase could promote tumor migration and metastasis. PTPRT is the most frequently mutated PTP in human cancers. STAT3 is a substrate of PTPRT. Phosphorylation of a tyrosine at 705 is essential for the function of STAT3, and PTPRT specifically dephosphorylated STAT3 at this position.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0182)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0182

Beschreibung: Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) family govern mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and can be either pro-apoptotic (Bax, BAD, Bak, Bid and Bok) or anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w). Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and subsequent release of apoptotic factors are key mechanisms during this process.
The members of the Bcl-2 family share one or more of the four characteristic domains of homology entitled the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains (named BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4).
Bid consists of only one Bcl-2 homology domain, BH3. Bid cleavage to tBid (truncated Bid) activates apoptotic pathway at the mitochondrial level. Cleavage of cytosolic Bid and subsequent mitochondrial translocation have been detected in neuronal cell death related to acute or chronic neurodegeneration. Pharmacological inhibition of Bid can be a promising therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases where programmed cell death is prominent.
After Bid activation and mitochondrial translocation, the most prominent downstream mechanisms of Bid-dependent neuronal apoptosis involve disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity and intracellular calcium homoeostasis and the release of pro-apoptotic mitochondrial factors such as cytochrome c.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0089)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0089

Beschreibung: p38 MAPK cascade regulates a variety of cellular responses to stress, inflammation and other signals. p38 MAPK is relatively inactive in the non-phosphorylated form and becomes rapidly activated by dual phosphorylation of a Thr-Gly-Tyr motifs. There are four isoforms of p38 MAPK, , ,  and , which differ in their tissue expression and affinity for upstream activators and downstream effectors.
When cells are exposed to tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin-1, heat shock, or other activating stimuli, activation of MAPK kinase-3 and –6 occurs by phosphorylation. Activated MAPK kinase-3/6 phosphorylate each residue of Thr180 and Tyr182 in p38 MAPK. Phospho-p38 MAPK activates ATF-2, CHOP-1, MEF-2 and other transcription factors through phosphorylation.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0079)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0079

Beschreibung: Diazepam Binding Inhibitor(DBI) is a highly conserved 10 kDa polypeptide which is expressed in various species range from yeast to mammals. As an inverse agonist for benzodiazepine receptors, DBI downregulates inhibitory effects of GABA. It also has potential to induce anxiety. Found in central and peripheral tissues, DBI also participates in metabolism of steroids, which has been known to partially modify GABAA receptor function in the CNS. In peripheral tissues, DBI plays regulatory roles in steroidogenesis. DBI levels have been reported to be decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with Alzheimer disease.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0078)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0078

Beschreibung: Ubiquitin(Ub) is a small protein that is composed of 76 amino acids. Ub is found only in eukaryotic organisms and is highly conserved. Ub can exist either in free form or as part of a complex with other proteins. In the latter case, Ub is attached(conjugated) to proteins through a covalent bond between the glycine at the C-terminal end of Ub and the side chains of lysine on the proteins; Ubiquitination.  Ub functions to regulate protein turnover in a cell by closely regulating the degradation of specific proteins. Ubiquitin has been immunohistochemically localized to a number of pathological inclusions, including ; Lewy bodies of Parkinson’s disease,neurofibrillary of Alzheimer’s disease, Pick bodies of Pick’s disease.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0271)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0271

Beschreibung: The Smad family of proteins are functioning in the transmission of extracellular signals in the TGF-β signaling pathway. Binding of a TGF-β superfamily ligands to extracellular receptors triggers phosphorylation of Smad2 at a Serine-Serine-Methionine-Serine (SSMS) motif at its C-terminus. Phosphorylated Smad2 is then able to form a complex with Smad4. These complexes accumulate in the cell nucleus, where they are directly participating in the regulation of gene expression.
In mammals, eight Smad proteins have been identified to date. The Smad family of proteins can be divided into three functional groups: the receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads), common mediator Smads (Co-Smads), and the inhibitory Smads (I-Smads). The R-Smads are directly phosphorylated by the activated type I receptors on their C-terminal Ser-Ser-X-Ser (SSXS) motif and include Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad5, and Smad8. Smad2 and Smad3 are phosphorylated in response to TGF-β and activin, whereas Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8 are phosphorylated in response to BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein). This C-terminal phosphorylation allows R-Smad binding to Co-Smad, Smad4, and translocation to the nucleus where they regulate TGF-β target genes. Smad6 and Smad7 belong to the I-Smad which bind to the type I receptor or Smad4 and block their interaction with R-Smads.
The Smads share sequence similarities, most notably in the N-terminal and carboxy-terminal regions, referred to as the MH1 (Mad Homology 1) and MH2 domains respectively. Smad2 and Smad3 have 66% amino acid sequence identity between their MH1 domains and 96% amino acid sequence identity between their MH2 domains.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0096)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0096

Beschreibung: Glutamine Synthetase(GS) catalyzes the conversion of ammonia and glutamate to glutamine. This reaction consumes a molecule of ATP:
Glutamate + NH4+ + ATP
 Glutamine + ADP + Pi
GS is found in astrocytes as an octamer of identical 45kDa subunits. Most well known function of GS is the detoxification of brain ammonia. It also has an important role in controlling metabolic regulations of neurotransmitter glutamate. Because of the multiple functions and importance of GS in cellular metabolism, both catalytic activities and synthesis are highly regulated. The activity of GS is controlled by adenylylation. Its activity is decreased in the cerebral cortex of brains affected by Alzheimer’s disease, particularly in the vicinity of senile plaques. It is also decreased under conditions of glucose deprivation. On the other hands, the level of expression of GS is increased during ischemia in vivo or hypoxia in culture.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0250)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0250

Beschreibung: Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated by various extracellular signals, such as growth factors, stresses, and cytokines, and play crucial roles in the determination of cell fate through proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis.
Mnk1(MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1) and Mnk2 are protein kinases that are directly phosphorylated and activated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases which phosphorylate at least two threonine residues (Thr197 and Thr202 of the mouse Mnk1) located in the activation loop. Mnks are implicated in the regulation of protein synthesis through their phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), also known as cap-binding protein.
The initiation step of translation is rate-limiting and represents a major target for translational control. The formation of the cap-binding complex eIF4F, which is a multiprotein factor responsible for the recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the mRNA 5′ end, is a key regulatory step. Mnk1 is physically associated with eIF4F and directly phosphorylate eIF4E, a component of the eIF4F complex. eIF4E specifically binds the 5′ m7GpppN cap structure found in all eukaryotic mRNAs and plays a critical role in cap-dependent translation initiation as a central component of the eIF4F complex, which also contains eIF4A and eIF4G.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0059)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0059

Beschreibung: ubiquitously expressed proteins which catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxides and organic hydroperoxides by glutathione. There are several isoforms which differ in their primary structure and localization. The classical cytosolic/mitochondrial GPx1 (cGPx) is a selenium-dependent enzyme, first of the GPx family to be discovered. GPx2, also known as gastrointestinal GPx (GI-GPx), is an intracellular enzyme expressed only at the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract (1). Extracellular plasma GPx (pGPx or GPx3) is mainly expressed by the kidney from where it is released into the blood circulation (2). Phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx4 (PH-GPx) expressed in most tissues, can reduce many hydroperoxides including hydroperoxides integrated in membranes, hydroperoxy lipids in low density lipoprotein or thymine (3). All mammalian GPx family members, except for the recently described Cys containing GPx3 and epididymis-specific secretory GPx (eGPx or GPx5) isoforms, possess selenocysteine at the active site (4-5).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0251)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0251

Beschreibung: The Ras superfamily of small GTPases includes the Ras, Rho, Arf, Rab, and Ran families. Ras-regulated signal pathways control such as actin cytoskeletal integrity, proliferation, differentiation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell migration. These GTPases function as molecular switches that control eukaryotic cell function by cycling between two interconvertible forms, a GDP-bound inactive form and a GTP-bound active form. The binding of GTP leads to a conformational change in the downstream effector-binding domain of the G-protein.
The small GTPases are monomeric G-proteins with molecular masses over the range 20–30 kDa. Ras is attached to the cell membrane by prenylation.
Mutations in the Ras family of proto-oncogenes (comprising H-Ras, N-Ras and K-Ras) are very common, being found in 20% to 30% of all human tumours. The frequency of RAS mutations is among the highest for any gene in human cancer. K-ras mutations occur frequently in non-small-cell lung, colorectal, and pancreatic carcinomas; H-ras mutations are common in bladder, kidney, and thyroid carcinomas; N-ras mutations are found in melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hematologic malignancies.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0324)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0324

Beschreibung: Check point kinase 1 (Chk1) is a serine / threonine protein kinase and a key mediator in the DNA damage-induced checkpoint network. Chk1 is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that functions to ensure genomic integrity upon genotoxic stress. When the G2 or S checkpoint is abrogated
by the inhibition of Chk1, p53-deficient cancer cells undergo mitotic catastrophe and eventually apoptosis, whereas normal cells are still arrested in the G1 phase. Thus, Chk1 inhibitors can preferentially
potentiate the efficacy of DNA damaging agents in cancer cells, and Chk1 is an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment, especially since approximately 50% of all human cancers are p53-deficient.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0255)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0255

Beschreibung: Caspase-activated DNase (CAD) cleaves chromosomal DNA during apoptosis. Apoptosis which is a cell death process removing toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including the death factors of the tumor necrosis factor family,  or UV irradiation, anticancer drugs, and survival factor deprivation. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units.
CAD, which can be activated by caspases, exists as a complex with its inhibitor, inhibitor of CAD (ICAD). ICAD helps correct folding of CAD and remains complexed with CAD to inhibit the DNase activity of CAD. Caspase, which is activated during the apoptotic process, cleaves ICAD, and the CAD released from ICAD enters the nuclei to cleave the chromosomal DNA. Internal as well as external signals can activate caspases and this is under the control of the balance between pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, heat shock proteins, and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Currently, fourteen members of the caspase family have been identified, of which seven mediate apoptosis.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0048)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0048

Beschreibung: Plasmid vectors for the expression of coding regions of eukaryotic genes in bacterial, insect and mammalian hosts are in common usage. The expression vectors are used to encode hybrid fusion proteins consisting of a eukaryotic target protein and a specialized region designed to aid in the
purification and visualization of the target protein. Short pieces of welldefined peptides(Poly-His, Flag-epitope or cmyc epitope or HA-tag) or small proteins (bacterial GST, MBP) is often cloned along with the target gene. The HA tag is derived from an epitope of the influenza hemagglutinin protein, which has been extensively used as a general epitope tag in expression vectors. It has been successfully used in a
variety of applications, including Western blotting, Immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence studies.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0302)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0302

Beschreibung: There are ten mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs) that act as negative regulators of MAPK activity in mammalian cells.
MKP2(DUSP4) is a dual threonine/tyrosine phosphatase that specifically dephosphorylates and inactivates MAPKs(ERK, JNK, p38). It contains one Rhodanese domain and one tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain.
MKP2 is expressed in a variety of tissues, and is localized in the nucleus.
Transcription factor E2F-1 acts as a transcriptional regulator of MKP2. E2F-1/MKP2 pathway mediates apoptosis under oxidative stress and that MKP2 suppresses tumor formation.
MKP2 is a novel transcription target of p53 in mediating apoptosis by 10-bp palindrome motif (CTGGCGCCAG) in the MKP2 promoter.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0060)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0060

Beschreibung: Catalase is a homotetrameric heme-containing enzyme present within the matrix of all peroxisomes. It carries out a dismutation reaction in which hydrogen peroxide is converted to water and oxygen. Human catalase has the last four amino acids (-KANL) at the extreme C-terminus for peroxisome targeting. The monomer of human catalase is 61.3 kD in molecular size. Catalase has been implicated as an important factor in inflammation, mutagenesis, prevention of apoptosis, and stimulation of a wide spectrum of tumors. Loss of catalase leads to the human genetic disease, acatalasemia, or Takahara’s disease (1).

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