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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0205)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0205

Beschreibung: Connexin 43(Cx43) is a widely expressed gap junction protein that
mediates communication between many cell types. Gap junctions are
implicated in tissue homeostasis and control of cell proliferation and
differentiation. Connexin 43 is predominantly localized at the sarcolemma,
where six connexins assemble into a so-called connexon or hemichannel.
Clusters of these channels assemble to make gap junctions. Cx43 is a
target protein of several kinases, among them PKA, PKC, PKG, MAPK,
and casein kinase, but also for protein phosphatases. The
phosphorylation of Cx43 at Ser368 by PKC induces a closure of
Hemichannels. Src can phosphorylate Cx43 to alter gap junction
communication.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0178)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0178

Beschreibung: Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) family govern mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and can be either pro-apoptotic (Bax, BAD, Bak and Bok) or anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w). The mitochondrial release of cytochrome c through anion channel is regulated by Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. The Bcl-2 family of proteins are key regulators of many signals leading to caspase, which when activated cause cellular destruction by cleaving a range of vital cellular substrates.
The members of the Bcl-2 family share one or more of the four characteristic domains of homology entitled the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains (named BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4).
The Bcl-2 gene has been implicated in a number of cancers, including melanoma, breast, prostate, and lung carcinomas, as well as schizophrenia and autoimmunity. It is also thought to be involved in resistance to conventional cancer treatment.
Apoptosis is an important component of the sequence of events during which anticancer drugs induce an antitumor response. The molecular mechanism for drug-induced apoptosis is associated with a mitochondrial dysfunction that is characterized by an increase in MOMP and a release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, indicating that Bcl-2 plays a critical role in anticancer drug-induced apoptosis.

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Lieferant: AbFrontier

Beschreibung: Actin is an abundant cytoskeletal protein found in all mammalian cells. Six distinct actin isotypes have been identified in mammalian cells. Each is encoded by a separated gene and is expressed in a developmentally regulated and tissue-specific manner. α and β-cytoplasmic actins are expressed in a wide variety of cells. Whereas, expression of α-skeletal, α-cardiac, α-vascular and γ-enteric actins
are more restricted to specialized muscle cell type. Actin's filaments form part of the cytoskeleton and play essential roles in regulating cell shape and movement.

Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0218)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0218

Beschreibung: Catalase is a homotetrameric heme-containing enzyme present within the matrix of all peroxisomes. It carries out a dismutation reaction in which hydrogen peroxide is converted to water and oxygen. Human catalase has the last four amino acids (-KANL) at the extreme C-terminus for peroxisome targeting. The monomer of human catalase is 61.3 kD in molecular size. Catalase has been implicated as an important factor in inflammation, mutagenesis, prevention of apoptosis, and stimulation of a wide spectrum of tumors. Loss of catalase leads to the human genetic disease, acatalasemia, or Takahara’s disease (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0175)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0175

Beschreibung: Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine-threonine kinases that regulate a broad spectrum of cellular functions. The family is composed of nine genes that express structurally related phospholipid-dependent kinases with distinct means of regulation and tissue distribution. Based on their structures and sensitivities to Ca2+ and diacylglycerol (DAG), they have been classified into conventional PKCs (α, β, and γ), novel PKCs (δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical PKCs (ζ and λ/ι).
Mammalian PKC α consists of 672 amino acids and is distributed in all tissues, in contrast to other PKC isotypes whose expression is restricted in the particular tissues. PKC α is activated by a variety of stimuli originating from receptor activation, cell contact and physical stresses. Kinase activity of PKC α is regulated by phosphorylation of three conserved residues in its kinase domain: the activation-loop site Thr-497, the autophosphorylation site Thr-638, and the hydrophobic C-terminal site Ser-657. In some types of cells, PKC α is implicated in cell growth, in contrast, it may play a role in cell cycle arrest and differentiation in other types of cells. The responses are modulated by dynamic interactions with cell-type specific factors.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0200)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0200

Beschreibung: Heat shock proteins are ubiquitous proteins and have been characterized as cytoprotective molecular chaperones. The typical function of a chaperone is to assist a protein to attain its functional conformation to prevent non-functional aggregation of misfolded proteins. The principal HSP families are HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and the small HSPs including HSP27, ubiquitin, α-crystallin, Hsp20 and others. The common functions of small Hsps are chaperone activity, thermotolerance, inhibition of apoptosis, regulation of cell development, and cell differentiation.
Hsp27 has a molecular weight of approximately 27 kDa, although it has been shown to form large aggregates of up to 800 kDa in the cytosol. Hsp27 is found in several types of human cells, including tumour cells. Hsp27 interferes with apoptosis through its ability to interact with and inhibit key components of the apoptotic signaling pathway, including the caspase activation complex. Overexpression of heat shock proteins can increase the tumorigenic potential of tumour cells. HSP27 also has been reported to be involved in development and progression of hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0186)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0186

Beschreibung: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase of the ErbB (also known as HER) family in which four members have been identified: EGFR (ErbB1), HER2/Neu (ErbB2), HER3 (ErbB3), and HER4 (ErbB4). All four erbB receptors are composed of an extracellular ligand-binding region consisting of glycosylated domains, a transmembrane domain containing a single hydrophobic anchor sequence, an intracellular region containing the catalytic tyrosine kinase domain, and a carboxyl-terminal region containing several tyrosine residues that become phosphorylated after receptor activation.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways that regulate growth, survival, proliferation, and differentiation in mammalian cells. EGFR and other members of the erbB family form either homodimers or heterodimers upon ligand binding, resulting in conformational changes that allow activation of protein kinases and transphosphorylation of key tyrosine residues within the carboxyl-terminal domain. After the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation, some signaling pathways appear to start with the recognition of the C-terminal phosphotyrosines by appropriate adaptor or signaling molecules.
The aberrant activation of the EGFR leads to enhanced proliferation and other tumor-promoting activities. Several mechanisms lead to aberrant receptor activation, including receptor overexpression, gene amplification, activating mutations, overexpression of receptor ligands, and/or loss of their negative regulatory mechanisms.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been extensively investigated as a target for anti-neoplastic therapy. Anti-EGFR antibodies that interfere with ligand-dependent receptor activation have shown clinical activity in a variety of solid tumors.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0203)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0203

Beschreibung: Cortactin is a ubiquitous actin-binding protein that was originally identified as a substrate for Src. It is accumulated in peripheral, actin-enriched structures of cells, including lamellipodia and membrane ruffles, suggesting that cortactin facilitates actin network formation. Cortactin has four major domains of interest:the N-terminal acidic (NTA) and tandem repeats domains, and the C-terminal proline-rich and SH3 Domains. NTA associates with the Arp2/3 and WASP complex at F-actin branches. Cortactin is involved in promoting cell motility and invasion, including a critical role in invadopodia, actin rich-subcellular protrusions associated with degradation of the ECM by cancer cells. Cortactin is phosphorylated by src family kinases at Y421, Y466, and Y482 and S405 and S418 that are phosphorylated by Erk family kinases.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0024)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0024

Beschreibung: The mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of selenocysteine-containing pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases. All the mammalian TrxRs are homologous to glutathione reductase with respect to primary structure including the conserved redox catalytic site (-Cys-Val-Asn-Val-Gly-Cys-) but distinctively with a C-terminal extension containing a catalytically active penultimate selenocysteine (SeCys) residue in the conserved sequence(-Gly-Cys-SeCys-Gly). TrxR is homodimeric protein in which each monomer includes an FAD prosthetic group, a NADPH binding site and a redox catalytic site. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via FAD and the active-site disulfide to C-terminal SeCys-containing redox center, which then reduces the substrate like thioredoxin. The members of TrxR family are 55 – 58 kilodalton in molecular size and composed of three isoforms including cytosolic TrxR1, mitochondrial TrxR2, and TrxR3, known as Trx and GSSG reductase (TGR). TrxR plays a key role in protection of cells against oxidative stress and redox-regulatory mechanism of transcription factors and various biological phenomena (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0033)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0033

Beschreibung: Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) have been implicated in the control of cell proliferation, survival and migration. The PDGF family of growth factors consists of five different disulphide-linked dimers built up of four different polypeptide chains encoded by four different genes. Theses isoforms, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB, PDGF-BB, PDGF-CC and PDGF-DD, act via two receptor tyrosine kinases, PDGF receptors α and β. Thus far, gene-targeting experiments have been attempted to create knockout mice deficient for PDGFR-α or PDGFR-β. Those mice, however, died either at the embryonic stage or several days after birth. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors, PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β, have five extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. Upon binding a PDGF, the receptors form homo- and heterodimers. Dimerization of the receptors juxtaposes the intracellular part of the receptors, which allow phosphorylation in trans between the two receptors in the complex. These autophosphorylation provide docking sites for downstream signal transduction molecules. More than 10 different SH2–domain-containing molecules have been shown to bind to different autophosphorylation sites in the PDGF α- and β-receptors. There are signal transduction molecules with enzymatic activity, such as PI3-kinase, PLC-γ, Src, SHP-2, GAP, as well as adaptor molecules such as Grb2, Shc, Nck, Grb7 and Crk, and Stats. Each of the different partners recruited by the activated receptor initiates different signaling pathways, making possible a great variety of cellular response.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0031)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0031

Beschreibung: Methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA) reduces methionine sulfoxide (MetO) residues in proteins and free MetO to Methionine (Met). The catalytic activity of MsrA is dependent of bound metal and cofactors but it requires reducing equivalents from either DTT or a thioredoxin-regenerating system. MsrA plays an essential role in protecting cells against oxidative damage. The substrates of MsrA include calmodulin, HIV protease and 1-proteinase-inhibitor (1-3). Recent studies indicate that there is a connection between MsrA and Alzheimer’s disease in mammals (4).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0077)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0077

Beschreibung: 14-3-3, a family of acidic and soluble proteins, highly conserved in amino acid sequences from yeast to mammals, is expressed in all eukaryotic cells. Seven isoforms(β, γ, ε, η, ζ, σ and τ/θ) encoded by seven distinct genes are identified in mammals and forms homo- and hetero- dimeric cup-shaped structures. As 14-3-3 is interacted with more than 100 binding partners, it regulates key proteins involved in various biological processes such as signal trans-duction, cell cycle, transcriptional control, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and ion channel physiology. Most 14-3-3 requires phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in the target sequence. This protein is abundantly expressed in the brain and has been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with different neurological disorders.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0084)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0084

Beschreibung: Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine-threonine kinases that regulate a broad spectrum of cellular functions such as cell migration and polarity, proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. The family is composed of several genes that express structurally related phospholipid-dependent kinases with distinct means of regulation and tissue distribution. Based on their structures and sensitivities to Ca2+ and diacylglycerol (DAG), they have been classified into conventional PKCs (α, β, and γ), novel PKCs (δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical PKCs (ζ and λ/ι). PKCs share a structural backbone, mainly consisting of a regulatory domain at the N-terminus and a catalytic domain at the C-terminus. All family members require phosphatidylserine, a component of the phospholipid bilayer, for their activation.
Some PKCs (PKCα, δ, and ζ) are widely expressed in all tissues, but other isoforms are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. PKCγ, for example, is largely confined to brain and neuronal tissue, PKCι is mainly expressed in testis and insulin secreting cells, and PKCθ is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle.
PKC epsilon (PKCε) is a calcium-independent and phorbolester/diacylglycerol-sensitive serine/threonine kinase. PKCε is the only PKC isozyme that has been shown to behave as an oncoprotein. Constitutive activation of PKCε in a small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line and the overexpression of PKCε in colonic epithelial cells have been reported.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0139)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0139

Beschreibung: α2-Macroglobulin (α2M), is a 720-kDa homotetrameric glycoprotein composed of four identical 180 kDa subunit. α2M shares with other α-macroglobulins, like the complement components C3 and C4 and the pregnancy zone protein PZP, an extraordinary binding capacity for a variety of ligands. This allows the α-macroglobulins to serve as humoral defense barriers against foreign peptides in the plasma. α2M interacts and captures virtually any proteinase, often referred to as a panprotease inhibitor. In the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, α2M also has been localized to diffuse amyloid plaques, supporting an important role for α2M in AD etiopathology.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0188)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0188

Beschreibung: The complement system is a part of the larger immune system and three biochemical pathways are present: the classical complement pathway, the alternative pathway, and the mannose-binding lectin pathway.
Complement component C4 is an essential component of humoral immune response. In its activated form, C4b becomes a subunit of the C3 convertase, which is an enzymatic complex that activates C3 of the classical and lectin complement activation pathways. The classical pathway is initiated by the activation of the C1-complex (C1q, C1r and C1s) by C1q's binding to antibody-antigen. The C1-complex now binds to and splits C2 and C4 producing C2a and C4b. C4b and C2a bind to form C3-convertase. Production of C3-convertase leads to cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b and C3b joins with the C3 convertase to make C5 convertase.
Human C4 is the most polymorphic protein of the complement system. Complement C4 exists as two isotypes, C4A (acidic) and C4B (basic). Although the sequence identity is very high, they have different hemolytic activities, covalent affinities to antigens and immune complexes, and serological reactivities. Each C4 contains β chain, α chain, C4a anaphyltoxin, C4b, and γ chain.
C4-deficient mice shows incomplete clearance of microbial attack and C4-deficiency in human shows increased autoimmune diseases.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0185)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0185

Beschreibung: α-1-B glycoprotein (A1BG) which is a plasma protein with no known function belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Although the human A1BG has been known for four decades, and the information about the amino acid sequence, chromosomal assignment, and even genetic polymorphism in different populations have been known, no biological function has been suggested. A1BG (Mr approximately equal to 63,000) consists of one polypeptide chain of 474 amino acids with four glucosamine oligosaccharides. The polypeptide has five intrachain disulfide bonds and consists of five repeating structural domains, each containing about 95 amino acids and one disulfide bond.
Recently human cyctein-rich secretory protein 3 (CRISP-3) has been found to be a binding partner of A1B, suggesting the A1BG-CRISP-3 complex displays a protecting function from a potentially harmful effect of free CRISP-3 in circulation.

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