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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0250)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0250

Beschreibung: Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated by various extracellular signals, such as growth factors, stresses, and cytokines, and play crucial roles in the determination of cell fate through proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis.
Mnk1(MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1) and Mnk2 are protein kinases that are directly phosphorylated and activated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases which phosphorylate at least two threonine residues (Thr197 and Thr202 of the mouse Mnk1) located in the activation loop. Mnks are implicated in the regulation of protein synthesis through their phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), also known as cap-binding protein.
The initiation step of translation is rate-limiting and represents a major target for translational control. The formation of the cap-binding complex eIF4F, which is a multiprotein factor responsible for the recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the mRNA 5′ end, is a key regulatory step. Mnk1 is physically associated with eIF4F and directly phosphorylate eIF4E, a component of the eIF4F complex. eIF4E specifically binds the 5′ m7GpppN cap structure found in all eukaryotic mRNAs and plays a critical role in cap-dependent translation initiation as a central component of the eIF4F complex, which also contains eIF4A and eIF4G.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0059)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0059

Beschreibung: ubiquitously expressed proteins which catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxides and organic hydroperoxides by glutathione. There are several isoforms which differ in their primary structure and localization. The classical cytosolic/mitochondrial GPx1 (cGPx) is a selenium-dependent enzyme, first of the GPx family to be discovered. GPx2, also known as gastrointestinal GPx (GI-GPx), is an intracellular enzyme expressed only at the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract (1). Extracellular plasma GPx (pGPx or GPx3) is mainly expressed by the kidney from where it is released into the blood circulation (2). Phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx4 (PH-GPx) expressed in most tissues, can reduce many hydroperoxides including hydroperoxides integrated in membranes, hydroperoxy lipids in low density lipoprotein or thymine (3). All mammalian GPx family members, except for the recently described Cys containing GPx3 and epididymis-specific secretory GPx (eGPx or GPx5) isoforms, possess selenocysteine at the active site (4-5).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0251)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0251

Beschreibung: The Ras superfamily of small GTPases includes the Ras, Rho, Arf, Rab, and Ran families. Ras-regulated signal pathways control such as actin cytoskeletal integrity, proliferation, differentiation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell migration. These GTPases function as molecular switches that control eukaryotic cell function by cycling between two interconvertible forms, a GDP-bound inactive form and a GTP-bound active form. The binding of GTP leads to a conformational change in the downstream effector-binding domain of the G-protein.
The small GTPases are monomeric G-proteins with molecular masses over the range 20–30 kDa. Ras is attached to the cell membrane by prenylation.
Mutations in the Ras family of proto-oncogenes (comprising H-Ras, N-Ras and K-Ras) are very common, being found in 20% to 30% of all human tumours. The frequency of RAS mutations is among the highest for any gene in human cancer. K-ras mutations occur frequently in non-small-cell lung, colorectal, and pancreatic carcinomas; H-ras mutations are common in bladder, kidney, and thyroid carcinomas; N-ras mutations are found in melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hematologic malignancies.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0324)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0324

Beschreibung: Check point kinase 1 (Chk1) is a serine / threonine protein kinase and a key mediator in the DNA damage-induced checkpoint network. Chk1 is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that functions to ensure genomic integrity upon genotoxic stress. When the G2 or S checkpoint is abrogated
by the inhibition of Chk1, p53-deficient cancer cells undergo mitotic catastrophe and eventually apoptosis, whereas normal cells are still arrested in the G1 phase. Thus, Chk1 inhibitors can preferentially
potentiate the efficacy of DNA damaging agents in cancer cells, and Chk1 is an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment, especially since approximately 50% of all human cancers are p53-deficient.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0255)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0255

Beschreibung: Caspase-activated DNase (CAD) cleaves chromosomal DNA during apoptosis. Apoptosis which is a cell death process removing toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including the death factors of the tumor necrosis factor family,  or UV irradiation, anticancer drugs, and survival factor deprivation. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units.
CAD, which can be activated by caspases, exists as a complex with its inhibitor, inhibitor of CAD (ICAD). ICAD helps correct folding of CAD and remains complexed with CAD to inhibit the DNase activity of CAD. Caspase, which is activated during the apoptotic process, cleaves ICAD, and the CAD released from ICAD enters the nuclei to cleave the chromosomal DNA. Internal as well as external signals can activate caspases and this is under the control of the balance between pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, heat shock proteins, and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Currently, fourteen members of the caspase family have been identified, of which seven mediate apoptosis.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0048)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0048

Beschreibung: Plasmid vectors for the expression of coding regions of eukaryotic genes in bacterial, insect and mammalian hosts are in common usage. The expression vectors are used to encode hybrid fusion proteins consisting of a eukaryotic target protein and a specialized region designed to aid in the
purification and visualization of the target protein. Short pieces of welldefined peptides(Poly-His, Flag-epitope or cmyc epitope or HA-tag) or small proteins (bacterial GST, MBP) is often cloned along with the target gene. The HA tag is derived from an epitope of the influenza hemagglutinin protein, which has been extensively used as a general epitope tag in expression vectors. It has been successfully used in a
variety of applications, including Western blotting, Immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence studies.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0302)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0302

Beschreibung: There are ten mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs) that act as negative regulators of MAPK activity in mammalian cells.
MKP2(DUSP4) is a dual threonine/tyrosine phosphatase that specifically dephosphorylates and inactivates MAPKs(ERK, JNK, p38). It contains one Rhodanese domain and one tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain.
MKP2 is expressed in a variety of tissues, and is localized in the nucleus.
Transcription factor E2F-1 acts as a transcriptional regulator of MKP2. E2F-1/MKP2 pathway mediates apoptosis under oxidative stress and that MKP2 suppresses tumor formation.
MKP2 is a novel transcription target of p53 in mediating apoptosis by 10-bp palindrome motif (CTGGCGCCAG) in the MKP2 promoter.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0060)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0060

Beschreibung: Catalase is a homotetrameric heme-containing enzyme present within the matrix of all peroxisomes. It carries out a dismutation reaction in which hydrogen peroxide is converted to water and oxygen. Human catalase has the last four amino acids (-KANL) at the extreme C-terminus for peroxisome targeting. The monomer of human catalase is 61.3 kD in molecular size. Catalase has been implicated as an important factor in inflammation, mutagenesis, prevention of apoptosis, and stimulation of a wide spectrum of tumors. Loss of catalase leads to the human genetic disease, acatalasemia, or Takahara’s disease (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0148)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0148

Beschreibung: The inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (ITI, IαI) family, a typical and classical example for protein-glycosaminoglycan-protein (PGP) complexes, occurs constitutively in plasma at relatively high concentrations and is a result of alternate combinations of three kinds of heavy chains with a common light chain, the bikunin proteoglycan. Bikunin has two proteinase inhibitor domains and belongs to the Kunitz-type protease inhibitor family; it displays an inhibitory activity against trypsin, leukocyte elastase and plasmin. The heavy chains do not have any protease inhibitory properties but have the capacity to interact in vitro and in vivo with hyaluronic acid and this binding promotes the stability of the extra-cellular matrix. The ITI protein family is suspected of playing a key role in the extra-cellular matrix biology.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0199)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0199

Beschreibung: ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells.
Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotidebinding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase(ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0194)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0194

Beschreibung: Synuclein is a small, soluble protein primarily expressed in neural tissue. The synuclein family includes three known proteins: α-synuclein, β-synuclein, and γ-synuclein.
α-Synuclein is a very conserved, small acidic protein (140 residues) with a molecular weight of approximately 19 kDa that accounts for about 1% of total protein in neurons. It is concentrated primarily in presynaptic axon terminals and plays a central role in initiating Parkinson’s disease. It is the principal constituent of Lewy bodies which are formed by protein aggregation and inclusion body formation.
α-Synuclein lacks secondary or tertiary structure, so it belongs to the family of natively unfolded proteins, many of which act as chaperones. Much of this α-synuclein has been post-translationally modified to increase the rate of oligomerization.
Mutant forms of α-Synuclein are associated with autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease. The mutations increase the aggregation rate of the resultant α-synuclein
β-Synuclein is found primarily in brain tissue and is seen mainly in presynaptic terminals. It is predominantly expressed in the neocortex, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, and cerebellum.
β-Synuclein may protect the central nervous system from the neurotoxic effects of α-synuclein by inhibiting aggregation of α-synuclein which occurs in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
γ-Synuclein is a synuclein protein found primarily in the peripheral nervous system (in primary sensory neurons, sympathetic neurons, and motor neurons) and retina. γ-Synuclein expression in breast tumors is a marker for tumor progression.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0042)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0042

Beschreibung: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme involved in the defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS). SOD catalyzes the dismutation reaction of superoxide radical anion (O2-) to hydrogen peroxide, which is then catalyzed to innocuous O2 and H2O by glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Several classes of SOD have been identified. These include intracellular copper, zinc SOD (Cu, Zn-SOD/SOD-1), mitochondrial manganese SOD (Mn-SOD/SOD-2) and extracellular Cu, Zn-SOD (EC-SOD/SOD-3) (1). SOD1 is found in all eukaryotic species as a homodimeric 32 kDa enzyme containing one each of Cu and Zn ion per subunit (2). The manganese containing 80 kDa tetrameric enzyme SOD2, is located in the mitochondrial matrix in close proximity to a primary endogenous source of superoxide, the mitochondrial respiratory chain (3). SOD3 is a heparin-binding multimer of disulfide-linked dimers, primarily expressed in human lungs, vessel walls and airways (4). SOD4 is a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS), which specifically delivers Cu to copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. CCS may activate copper/zinc superoxide dismutase through direct insertion of the Cu cofactor.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0038)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0038

Beschreibung: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a catalytic enzyme commonly known to be involved in glycolysis. The enzyme exists as a tetramer of identical 37 kDa subunits. GAPDH catalyzes the reversible reduction of 1,3-bisphos-phoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphophate in the presence of NADPH. Apart from playing a key role in glycolysis, this ubiquitously expressed enzyme also displays other activities unrelated to its glycolytic function. GAPDH is reported to be involved in the processes of DNA replication (1), DNA repair (2), nuclear RNA export (3-4), membrane fusion (5) and microtubule bundling. Other studies also provide evidence of GAPDH playing an essential part of the program of gene expression observed in apoptosis and as part of the cellular phenotype of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (6-7).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0166)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0166

Beschreibung: α-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 55~68 kDa and 25% by weight of various sugars, whose heterogeneity results in variation of molecular weight. It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. The protein also has a role as an acute-phase protein and is active in the control of immunologic and inflammatory processes, and as a tumor marker. Plasma ACT levels might increase rapidly more than 5-fold during an acute phase reaction, ACT has been shown to promote Aβ polymerization in vitro and in vivo, and levels of ACT protein in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer's patients have been found to correlate with progression of dementia.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0180)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0180

Beschreibung: Vimentin is a member of the intermediate filament family of proteins found in various non-epithelial cells, especially mesenchymal cells. Vimentin is responsible for maintaining cell shape, integrity of the cytoplasm, and stabilizing cytoskeletal interactions. Vimentin plays a significant role in supporting and anchoring the position of the organelles in the cytosol. Although most intermediate filaments are stable structures, vimentin also has a dynamic nature which is important when offering flexibility to the cell.
Two monomers which have central α-helical domains, capped on each end by non-helical domains twist around each other to form a coiled-coil dimer. Two dimers then form a tetramer, which, in turn, form a sheet by interacting with other tetramers.
There are some reports related to the biochemical function of intermediate filament network. The intracellular movement of LDL-derived cholesterol from the lysosome to the site of esterification is a vimentin-dependent process. A role for vimentin in mechanotransduction of shear stress has also been suggested. The mechanical stress of fluid shear on endothelial cells seems to trigger MAPK signaling pathways and stimulates proliferation.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0222)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0222

Beschreibung: Cyclin-dependent kinase-5(CDK5) is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of serine/threonine kinases. Its mRNA and protein are expressed in the kidneys, testes, and ovaries. And Its activity has been detected almost exclusively in brain extracts. Similar to other Cdks, monomeric Cdk5 displays no enzymatic activity; however, Cdk5 is not activated by cyclins. Instead, Cdk5 activity requires association with one of two brain-specific regulatory subunits, called p35 and p39. These two activators regulate the spatial and temporal expression of active Cdk5, restricting its activity primarily to post-mitotic neurons.

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