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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0371)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0371

Beschreibung: Dual specificity phosphatase 13(Also known as BEDP; MDSP; TMDP; SKRP4; DUSP13A; DUSP13B) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DUSP13 gene.[1]
Members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamily cooperate with protein kinases to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. This superfamily is separated into two families based on the substrate that is dephosphorylated. One family, the dual specificity phosphatases (DSPs) acts on both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/threonine residues. This gene encodes different but related DSP proteins through the use of non-overlapping open reading frames, alternate splicing, and presumed different transcription promoters. Expression of the distinct proteins from this gene has been found to be tissue specific and the proteins may be involved in postnatal development of specific tissues. A protein encoded by the upstream ORF was found in skeletal muscle, whereas the encoded protein from the downstream ORF was found only in testis. In mouse, a similar pattern of expression was found. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants were described, but the full-length sequence of only some were determined.[1]

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0194)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0194

Beschreibung: Polo-like kinases (Plks) are important regulators of the cell cycle. Plk1, the most studied Plk, has been implicated in regulating centrosome maturation, mitotic entry, sister chromatid cohesion, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), and cytokinesis. Sister chromatid separation and the subsequent formation of two genetically identical daughter cells depend on the symmetrical attachment of all chromosomes to the mitotic spindle, a process called chromosome biorientation. Several mitosis-specific protein kinases have been implicated in bipolar spindle assembly and chromosome biorientation. For example, Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1) is known to phosphorylate Eg5, a kinesin that is required for the migration of centrosomes and is thus needed for the formation of bipolar spindles.
At the onset of mitosis, Plks contribute to the activation of Cdk1-cyclinB, and they are also required for the inactivation of Cdk1 and exit from mitosis. Plks are important regulators of the APC/C, a key component of the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic degradation pathway.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0300)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0300

Beschreibung: The inhibitor of caspase-3-activated DNase (ICAD) is a caspase 3 substrate that controls nuclear apoptosis. ICAD has two isoforms: a functional isoform of 45kDa, ICAD-L/DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) 45; and a 35kDa isoform, ICAD-S/DFF35. Although both ICAD-L and ICAD-S can bind and inhibit CAD, only ICAD-L was reported to be functional. ICAD is cleaved to be inactivated and allow caspase-activated DNase (CAD) to execute nuclear internucleosomal apoptotic DNA fragmentation. In non-apoptotic cells, CAD is complexed with its inhibitor, ICAD. The activation of the CAD/ICAD complex occurs through the caspase 3-mediated
cleavage of ICAD at residues 117 and 224, which results in three ICAD fragments that are then released from CAD. In addition to its DNase
inhibitory activity, ICAD acts as a CAD specific folding chaperone. There are recent reports that ICAD is a potential target for restoring a normal apoptotic signal transduction pathway in colon and brain cancer cells.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0356)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0356

Beschreibung: The N-myc gene belongs to a family of proto-oncogenes, including the highly related c-myc, N-myc, and L-myc genes, that encode transcription factors sharing many structural and biochemical functions . The structural motifs conserved between the MYC proteins include a basic helix-loop-helix domain and a leucine zipper domain involved in DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions, respectively. These motifs are also found in numerous transcription factors that control cell determination during diverse cell processes such as myogenesis, neurogenesis, and sex determination.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0165)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0165

Beschreibung: IgA represents about 15% to 20% of immunoglobulins in the blood, although it is primarily secreted across the mucosal tract into the stomach and intestines. This prevents microbes from binding to epithelial cells in the digestive and respiratory tracts. It does not activate complement, and opsonises only weakly. It exists in two forms, IgA1 (90%) and IgA2 (10%) that differ in the structure. IgA1 is composed like other proteins, however in IgA2 the heavy and light chains are not linked with disulfide but with noncovalent bonds. IgA1 is found in serum and made by bone marrow B cells, however IgA2 is made by B cells located in the mucosae and has been found to secrete into, colostrum, maternal milk, tears and saliva. The IgA found in secretions represent dimeric form, linked by two additional chains, the J chain and the secretory chain. Decreased or absent IgA, termed selective IgA deficiency, can be a clinically significant immunodeficiency.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0130)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0130

Beschreibung: Green fluorescent protein (GFP) isolated from jellyfish Aequorea aequorea is a 238 amino acid protein with an apparent molecular weight of about 27-30 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Its chromophore is formed by cyclisation and oxidation of the three amino acids Ser65, Tyr66, and Gly67.
The numerous applications include : using GFP as a reporter for gene expression, as a marker to study cell lineage during development and as a tag to localize proteins in living cells. Other applications of GFP include assessment of protein protein interactions through the yeast two hybrid system and measurement of distance between proteins through fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) protocols. GFP technology has considerably contributed to a greater understanding of cellular physiology.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0237)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0237

Beschreibung: Receptor interacting protein (RIP) kinases constitute a family of seven members, all of which contain a kinase domain (KD). They are crucial regulators of cell survival and death. RIP1, the first member of the family, is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution. RIP1 and RIP2 bear a C-terminal domain belonging to the death domain (DD) and a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), allowing recruitment to large protein complexes initiating different signaling pathways. Human RIP1 is 68% identical to mouse RIP1, and the greatest similarity is in the DD. RIP1-DD is important for binding to other death receptors, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-R1, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, and to DD-containing adaptor proteins such as TNF-receptor-associated death domain (TRADD) and FADD.
RIP1 is constitutively expressed in many tissues. However, TNF treatment and T-cell activation can also induce RIP1 expression. Full-length RIP1 is important for signaling to NF-B, MAPKs and necrosis, whereas caspase-8 generated C-terminal RIP1 cleavage fragment promotes apoptosis as a positive feedback loop. RIP1 thus integrates several different upstream signals to initiate a limited number of cellular responses.
RIP1 is a crucial adaptor kinase in several of the stress-induced signaling pathways. The imbalance between cell survival and death, a key feature of many neoplastic, degenerative, inflammatory, and autoiummune diseases, may be caused by aberrant reactive oxygen species (ROS) turnover, which can be regulated by death receptors (DRs) and their effector pathways.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0229)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0229

Beschreibung: Troponin complex consists of three components, troponin I, T and C. The complex along with tropomyosin is located on the actin filament and is essential for the calcium-mediated regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction.
Three isoforms of troponin I have been described for striated muscle. Two isoforms are characteristic for fast and slow skeletal fibers and one isoform for cardiac muscle. Troponin I consists of 181-211 amino acid residues, and the cardiac isoform is larger due to the presence of an additional N-terminal peptide which has a biologically important function in the interactions of troponin I and troponin C. The main function of troponin I is the inhibition of actomyosin ATPase activity.
Cardiac troponin I and T are sensitive biomarkers of myocardial injury and have become central to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. They are elevated in many clinical syndromes associated with direct myocardial injury, myocardial ischemia, or ventricular strain. They are also released in a number of clinical situations in which thrombotic complications of coronary artery disease. These situations include conditions like pulmonary embolism, sepsis, myocarditis, and acute stroke.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0121)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0121

Beschreibung: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme involved in the defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS). SOD catalyzes the dismutation reaction of superoxide radical anion (O2-) to hydrogen peroxide, which is then catalyzed to innocuous O2 and H2O by glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Several classes of SOD have been identified. These include intracellular copper, zinc SOD (Cu, Zn-SOD/SOD-1), mitochondrial manganese SOD (Mn-SOD/SOD-2) and extracellular Cu, Zn-SOD (EC-SOD/SOD-3) (1). SOD1 is found in all eukaryotic species as a homodimeric 32 kDa enzyme containing one each of Cu and Zn ion per subunit (2). The manganese containing 80 kDa tetrameric enzyme SOD2, is located in the mitochondrial matrix in close proximity to a primary endogenous source of superoxide, the mitochondrial respiratory chain (3). SOD3 is a heparin-binding multimer of disulfide-linked dimers, primarily expressed in human lungs, vessel walls and airways (4). SOD4 is a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS), which specifically delivers Cu to copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. CCS may activate copper/zinc superoxide dismutase through direct insertion of the Cu cofactor.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0363)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0363

Beschreibung: Interferon alpha-2(IFNa2) which have antiviral activities, produced by macrophages. Three forms exist; alpha-2a, alpha-2b and alpha-2c.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0168)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0168

Beschreibung: Complement factor C9, 71kDa, is the last of the human complement components creating the membrane attack complex (MAC). Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the MAC, which in turn causes lysis, and death of target cells. C9 plays an important role in inflammatory reactions since it is essential for lytic action of the MAC. Such lytic action could be the basis for complement autotoxicity. Like most of the complement components, C9 belongs to the acute-phase proteins which are generally of hepatic origin, and their plasma concentrations increase (or decrease) following tissue injury and inflammation. Also, because C9 is required for the MAC of complement to become functional, interfering with signaling pathways that stimulate its production could offer new therapeutic strategies for treating various neurodegenerative disorders.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0178)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0178

Beschreibung: ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways.
When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase, and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates other two kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in ERK 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0132)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0132

Beschreibung: Human Complement C3 (C3) is synthesized as a single-chain pro-molecule (185 kDa) that then suffers several post-translational modifications. Before being secreted as a mature protein, C3 is split into -chain (645 residues and 70 kDa) and  chain (992 residues and 115 kDa) and forms a rare internal thioester bond. C3 plays a central role in the activation of all the three pathways of complement activation i.e. the classical, alternative, and lectin pathway. As C3 is the major complement component and participates in several stages of the immune response, its deficiency generally associated with higher susceptibility to severe bacterial infections and in some cases with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0144)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0144

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0169)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0169

Beschreibung: ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase(ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0067)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0067

Beschreibung: Nitrotyrosine is a relatively stable product formed from various reaction pathways. Perhaps most notable is the reaction of peroxynitrite (formed from Superoxide and nitric oxide radicals) with tyrosine. As a strong oxidant and nitrating agent, peroxynitrite mediates tyrosine nitration reactions on proteins resulting in inactivation of certain housekeeping enzymes (e.g. α1-antiproteinase) as well as endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and SOD. Nitrotyrosine has been identified as an indicator of cell damage and inflammation, as well as of the production of NO. It is believed that measuring the concentration of nitrotyrosine will serve as a marker for damage caused by NO in the cell. Nitrotyrosine has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory, infectious and degenerative human diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), asthma, atherosclerosis and a variety of conditions precipitated by endothelial injury.

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