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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0198)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0198

Beschreibung: The complement system is a part of the larger immune system and three biochemical pathways are present: the classical complement pathway, the alternative pathway, and the mannose-binding lectin pathway.
Complement component C4 is an essential component of humoral immune response. In its activated form, C4b becomes a subunit of the C3 convertase, which is an enzymatic complex that activates C3 of the classical and lectin complement activation pathways. The classical pathway is initiated by the activation of the C1-complex (C1q, C1r and C1s) by C1q's binding to antibody-antigen. The C1-complex now binds to and splits C2 and C4 producing C2a and C4b. C4b and C2a bind to form C3-convertase. Production of C3-convertase leads to cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b and C3b joins with the C3 convertase to make C5 convertase. Human C4 is the most polymorphic protein of the complement system. Complement C4 exists as two isotypes, C4A (acidic) and C4B (basic). Although the sequence identity is very high, they have different hemolytic activities, covalent affinities to antigens and immune complexes, and serological reactivities. Each C4 contains β chain, α chain, C4a anaphyltoxin, C4b, and γ chain.
C4-deficient mice shows incomplete clearance of microbial attack and C4-deficiency in human shows increased autoimmune diseases.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0350)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0350

Beschreibung: Anti-NF2 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody [clone: AF1G4]

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0211)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0211

Beschreibung: Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a 97 kDa serine/threonine protein kinase expressed only in hematopoietic cells and tissues. HPK1 is comprosed of a STE20-like kinase domain in its N-terminus, four proline-rich motifs (-P-x-x-P-), a caspase cleavage site, and a distal C-terminal Citron homology domain. The proline-rich motifs are capable of binding proteins that contain SH3 domains.
HPK1 is involved in many cellular signaling cascades that include MAPK signaling, antigen receptor signaling, apoptosis, growth factor signaling, and cytokine signaling. HPK1 binds many adaptor proteins including members of the Grb2 family, Nck family, Crk family, SLP-76 family, and actin-binding adaptors. HPK1 contains 13 potential tyrosine phosphorylation residues, some of which may be phosphorylated by ZAP-70, which provide potential docking sites for SH2 domains containing proteins.
HPK1 is activated by both EGF and PDGF stimulation where adaptor proteins are involved in mediating the localization of effector molecules to cell surface receptors.
Activation-induced cell death (AICD)-resistant T cells contain full-length HPK1, while AICD-sensitive T cells have HPK1-C (cleaved form). HPK1 might be a possible molecular switch used to discriminate between the extrinsic pathway involving death receptors and the intrinsic pathway determined by the ratio between anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0020)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0020

Beschreibung: The mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of selenocysteine-containing pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxido-reductases. All the mammalian TrxRs are homologous to glutathione reductase with respect to primary structure including the conserved redox catalytic site (-Cys-Val-Asn-Val-Gly-Cys-) but distinctively with a C-terminal extension containing a catalytically active penultimate selenocysteine (SeCys) residue in the conserved sequence(-Gly-Cys-SeCys-Gly). TrxR is homodimeric protein in which each monomer includes an FAD prosthetic group, a NADPH binding site and a redox catalytic site. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via FAD and the active-site disulfide to C-terminal SeCys-containing redox center, which then reduces the substrate like thioredoxin. The members of TrxR family are 55 – 58 kilodalton in molecular size and composed of three isoforms including cytosolic TrxR1, mitochondrial TrxR2, and TrxR3, known as Trx and GSSG reductase (TGR). TrxR plays a key role in protection of cells against oxidative stress and redox-regulatory mechanism of transcription factors and various biological phenomena (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0176)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0176

Beschreibung: Gelsolin superfamily proteins control actin organization by severing filaments, capping filament ends and nucleating actin assembly. Gelsolin, a protein of 82–84 kDa, is the founding member of this family, which now contains at least another six members: villin, adseverin, capG, advillin, supervillin and flightless I. Gelsolin exists as a cytoplasmic as well as a plasma isoform, and can bind, sever and cap actin filaments. Plasma gelsolin level decreases dramatically as a result of major trauma and reinfusion of gelsolin can protect against lung damage associated with major burn injury and other types of insults. Recent study in Fas antibody-induced liver failure suggests that gelsolin exerts an overall anti-apoptotic effect in vivo. Gelsolin, a marker of motility, could be applied as a biomarker in assessing tumor prognosis. Tumor-associated processes such as invasion and metastasis are known to be critically dependent on dynamic alterations in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. A causal relationship between gelsolin expression and in vitro invasion by way of signaling through Ras has been reported.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0172)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0172

Beschreibung: Tau proteins are microtubule-associated proteins that are abundant in neurons in the central nervous system. In adult human brain, there are six tau isoforms that differ by the presence of either three or four C-terminal tandem repeated 31 or 33 amino acid sequences containing domains that are important for microtubule binding. Tau plays a crucial role in the neuron as it binds and stabilizes microtubules, and can regulate axonal transport; functions that are regulated by site-specific phosphorylation events. Abnormally hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, resulting in loss of function (the disruption of axonal transport) and gain of toxic function (formation of tau aggregates) at the same time, is deposited in cells as fibrillar lesions in numerous neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick's disease, corticobasal degeneration and post-encephalitic parkinsonism.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0221)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0221

Beschreibung: Enolase (2-phosphogly-cerate hydrolyase or phosphopyruvate hydrates) is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration and conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phospho-enolpyruvate. It comprises three distint subunits, alpha, beta and gamma. The gamma-gamma and alpha-gamma dimeric forms of enolase, referred to as neuron-specific enolase(NSE), are localized mainly in neurons and neuroectodermal tissue. NSE has a high stability in biological fluids and can easily diffuse to the extracellular medium and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) when neuronal membranes are injured. NSE is used clinically as a sensitive and useful marker of neuronal damage in several neurological disorders including stroke, hypoxic brain damage, status epilepticus, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and herpetic encephalitis.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0088)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0088

Beschreibung: Methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MsrB), also known as SelX, is a selenoprotein. The oxidation of methionine at the sulfur atom leads to alternative epimers: R form of Met(O) and S form of Met(O). MsrB can reduce R form of both free and protein-incorporated methionine sulfoxide to methionine. It has a crucial role in protecting cells against oxidative damages.
MsrA reduces only the S epimer of Met(O), and MsrB reduces the R epimer of Met(O) in proteins. Although the catalytic mechanisms of MsrA and MsrB are similar, two Msrs have no sequence identity and no structural similarity.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0201)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0201

Beschreibung: p53 is a transcription factor that regulates the cell cycle and hence functions as a tumor suppressor. p53 has been described as "the guardian of the genome", referring to its role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation. p53 has many anti-cancer mechanisms: activating DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage, holding the cell cycle at the G1/S regulation point on DNA damage recognition, initiating apoptosis if the DNA damage proves to be irrepairable. Human p53 is 393 amino acids long and has three domains: N-terminal transcription-activation domain (TAD), which activates transcription factors. 2) central DNA-binding core domain (DBD) 3) C-terminal homo-oligomerisation domain (OD); tetramerization greatly increases the activity of p53 in vivo. Mutations that deactivate p53 in cancer usually occur in the DBD and most of these mutations destroy the ability of the protein to bind to its target DNA sequences.
The activity of p53 is regulated at different levels and includes control by multi-site phosphorylation. p53 is phosphorylated (Ser6 and Ser9) by casein kinase 1δ and casein kinase 1ε both in vitro and in vivo.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0321)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0321

Beschreibung: Cathepsin D(CatD) is a ubiquitously expressed lysosomal aspartyl protease involved in the normal degradation of proteins apoptosis and autophagy. Human CatD is synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum as a pre-pro-enzyme. Preprocathepsin D(412aa) is cleaved and glycosylated
to form an inactive procathepsin D (392aa) and then further cleaved to generate an active intermediate (348aa) single-chain molecule. The active intermediate is further processed into mature two chain form of cathepsin D, this processing step is carried out by cathepsin B or L. The two-chain form consists of an amino terminal light chain and a carboxyl-terminal heavy chain. Additionally, several more amino acids are removed from the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain.
Procathepsin D (pCD), secreted from cancer cells, acts as a mitogen on both cancer and stromal cells and stimulates their proinvasive and pro-metastatic properties.

UOM: 1 * 0,1 mL

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0109)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0109

Beschreibung: Lactoferrin(Lf), one of transferrin family, is found in external fluids, including milk and mucosal secretions, and prominent components of the secondary granules of neutrophils. Lf consists of a single polypeptide chain (approximately 80 kDa) folded into two structurally homologous lobes, each of which can reversibly bind one ferric ion (Fe3+). Lf plays a central role in iron metabolism and host defense system against microbial infection.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0239)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0239

Beschreibung: Syk, Spleen tyrosine kinase, is expressed in a wide range of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and plays a key role in adaptive immune system, which is the immunoreceptor (B cell receptor and Fc-receptors) signaling pathways including Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis. In hematopoietic cells such as B and T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, mast cells, macrophages and platelets, Syk is involved in the proximal signaling downstream of activated immunoreceptors (e.g. BCR, TCR, Fc receptors) containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) to which it binds using its tandem SH2 domains. Activated and autophosphorylated Syk then phosphorylates its specific substrates including other enzymes and adaptor proteins, orchestrating a complex series of cellular responses such as cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and phagocytosis.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0043)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0043

Beschreibung: Green fluorescent protein (GFP) isolated from jellyfish Aequorea aequorea is a 238 amino acid protein with an apparent molecular weight of about 27-30 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Its chromophore is formed by cyclisation and oxidation of the three amino acids Ser65, Tyr66, and Gly67.
The numerous applications include : using GFP as a reporter for gene expression, as a marker to study cell lineage during development and as a tag to localize proteins in living cells. Other applications of GFP include assessment of protein protein interactions through the yeast two hybrid system and measurement of distance between proteins through fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) protocols. GFP technology has considerably contributed to a greater understanding of cellular physiology.

UOM: 1 * 0,1 mL

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0306)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0306

Beschreibung: Hematopoietic tyrosine phosphatase (HePTP, PTPN7) belongs to a subgroup of PTPases with two other members, STEP and PCPTP1.
HePTP is a 38 kDa class I non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) that is strongly expressed in T cells. The protein consists of a short, amino-terminal extension that contains a conserved 16-amino acid kinase interaction motif (KIM) and a carboxy-terminal protein tyrosine phosphatase domain. HePTP binds the MAPK family kinases, Erk1/2 and p38 via KIM. Erk phosphorylates HePTP (at Thr45 and Ser72) and HePTP dephosphorylates Erk(at Tyr185).
HePTP is phosphorylated at Ser23 within the KIM by PKA in T cells. This
phosphorylation results in dissociation of the HePTP/ERK2 complex and reduced ability of HePTP to dephosphorylate ERK.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0152)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0152

Beschreibung: Amyloid β (Aβ or A β) is a protein fragment of 39-43 amino acids that is the main constituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Aβ is formed after sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP, transmembrane glycoprotein) by the β- and γ-secretases. . The major species generated are Aβ40 and Aβ42. The latter is more hydrophobic and more apt to aggregate and thus is considered to be primarily pathogenic, consistent with the phenotype of the major familial AD-causing mutations. Increases in either total Aβ levels or the relative concentration of the 42-amino acid form have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. The 42-mers are the most amyloidogenic form of the peptide.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0267)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0267

Beschreibung: Both Chk1 and Chk2 are critically important checkpoint kinases. Chk1 is essential for normal development and cell growth and Chk1 deficiency in mouse or in embryonic stem (ES) cells is lethal. Loss of Chk2 is tolerated and has been found to be associated with a subset of Li-Fraumeni cases. Li-Fraumeni syndrome increases greatly the susceptibility to cancer, with particularly high occurrences of breast cancer, brain tumors, acute leukemia, soft tissue sarcomas, bone sarcomas, and adrenal cortical carcinoma.
Chk2 regulates cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis in response to DNA damage, particularly to DNA double-strand breaks. The cell either stops the cell cycle and therefore its proliferation until the damage is repaired, or it destructs itself (apoptosis).
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) protein kinases exert cell cycle delay, in part, by phosphorylating Chk1, Chk2, and p53. Phosphorylation on Chk1 and p53 requires ATR, whereas phosphorylation on Chk2 requires ATM.
Screening of novel substrates of Chk1 and Ckh2 followed by imunoprecipitation kinase assay and site-directed mutagenesis analysis suggests that HDAC5 and PGC-1 are specific targets for Chk1 and/or Chk2 at least in vitro.

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