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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0025)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0025

Beschreibung: Histone H2A is one of the 5 main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. The nucleosome in which an 147 base-pairs of DNA are wrapped 1.7 times around a central core of eight histone protein molecules forms the basic building block of chromatin. Histone octamer consists of two copies each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histones.
Histone H2A variant H2AX, a component of the nucleosome core structure that comprises 10%–15% of total cellular H2A, has a special role in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints, regulated gene recombination events, and tumor suppression.
H2AX can be phosphorylated on Ser 1, acetylated on Lys 5 and ubiquitinated on Lys 119. But what makes H2AX unique is a highly conserved serine 139 residue which is rapidly phosphorylated upon the exposure of cells to DNA damage. H2AX is phosphorylated by ATR in response to DNA replication stress, and primarily by ATM in response to low levels of ionizing radiation. Phosphorylation of H2AX increases the likelihood of assembling a functional repair complex by increasing the local concentration of repair factors near the lesion.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0174)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0174

Beschreibung: Transthyretin (TTR, 55 kDa homotetramer) is a thyroid hormone-binding protein that transports thyroxine (T4) from the bloodstream to the brain. TTR was originally called prealbumin because it ran faster than albumin on electrophoresis gels. . TTR is produced in the liver and circulates in the bloodstream, where it binds retinol and thyroxine. TTR is suggested that plays an essential role in brain function. The protein consists of around 130 amino acids, which assemble as a homotetramer that contains an internal channel in which T4 is bound. Within this complex, T4 appears to be transported across the blood-brain barrier, where, in the choroid plexus, the hormone stimulates further synthesis of transthyretin. The protein then diffuses back into the bloodstream, where it binds T4 for transport back to the brain. TTR is known to be associated with the amyloid diseases senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA), familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), and familial amyloid cardiomyopathy (FAC).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0093)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0093

Beschreibung: Bone morphogenetic protein 4, also known as BMP4, is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. The superfamily includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo. BMPs also regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, lineage determination, motility, and death.
BMP4 is a potent bone-inducing morphogen, and a reduction in expression has been associated with a variety of bone diseases, including the heritable disorder Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.
BMP4 is a critical signaling molecule required for the early differentiation of the embryo and establishing of a dorsal-ventral axis. It also plays a role in the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions leading to tooth formation.
Both BMP2 and BMP4 have been found in calcified atherosclerotic plaques and aortic valve diseases, which suggests their importance in cardiovascular diseases.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0318)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0318

Beschreibung: Son of sevenless (SOS) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that
activates Ras in response to growth factor stimulation. Sos1, and its
closely related Sos2 paralog, are comprised of an N-terminal
histone-binding domain, a RacGEF catalytic (DH) domain juxtaposed with
a PH domain, a Ras exchanger motif (REM) domain, a RasGEF catalytic
domain, and a C-terminal proline-rich region. Sos1 catalyzes the
GDP-GTP exchange within the membrane-bound GTPase Ras and
thereby switches on a key signaling circuit that involves the activation of
MAPK cascade central to cellular proliferation, survival and differentiation.
Growth factor stimulation rapidly induces the phosphorylation of Sos on
multiple serine and threonine sites. Phosphorylation of residues within the
Sos C-terminus by the MAP/ERK kinase disrupts the Grb2-Sos complex.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0283)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0283

Beschreibung: Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions and brain cholinergic synapses, and thus terminates signal transmission. In addition, acetylcholinesterase contributes to various physiological processes through its involvement in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival.
Because of alternative splicing at the C-terminus of acetylcholinesterase mRNA, it has three different isoforms: synaptic (S), erythrocytic (E) and read-through (R). These acetylcholinesterase variants selectively participate in the processes involved in promoting or attenuating cell death that accompany changes in expression, distribution and balance among the enzyme variants.
Impairment of cholinergic neurotransmission is a well-established fact in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is characterized by a loss of cholinergic neurons and their cortical projections from the nucleus basalis and associated areas in the basal forebrain.
The cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE-Is) attenuate the cholinergic deficit underlying the cognitive and neuropsychiatric dysfunctions in patients with AD. Inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been the major therapeutic target of cholinesterase inhibitor treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0051)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0051

Beschreibung: In vivo, tyrosine phosphorylation is reversible and dynamic; the phosphorylation states are governed by the opposing activites of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs are involved in controlling of diverse array of cellular process. They are large(~100) and structurally diverse family of enzymes. PTPs contain one or two catalytic domains which is approximately 280 residues and are characterized by the existence of the signature motif HC(X)5R. The Cys and Arg residues in this motif have essential functions for catalytic activity. PTPs regulate cell growth and metabolism, with special emphasis on its ability to regulate integrin, growth factor, and cytokine signaling.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0011)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0011

Beschreibung: Anti-Peroxiredoxin 6 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

UOM: 1 * 100 µl

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0155)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0155

Beschreibung: Voltage-dependent anion channel(VDAC) proteins are abundant, pore-forming proteins belonging to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porins.　It was discovered in the mitochondrial outer membrane. It also is expressed in the plasma membrane. At least three different VDAC genes have been identified in vertebrates. VDAC proteins are known to play an essential role in cellular metabolism and in the early stages of apoptosis. For example, VDAC contitutes a major pathway by which metabolites such as ADP/ATP, succinate and citrate are exchanged between the cytosol and mitochondria. And VDAC1 in the plasma membrane establishes a novel level of apoptosis regulation putatively via its redox activity.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0340)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0340

Beschreibung: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is the enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that converts pyruvate to lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. In mammals, the enzyme is encoded by three genes: LDHA (M or muscle form), LDHB (H or heart form), and LDHC (X or testis form). The three human LDHs have 84–89% sequence similarities and 69–75% amino acid identities. There are five different LDH isoenzymes based on the proportion of M and H chains existing in the LDH tetrameric structure.
The LDHA is hypoxia inducible and its expression is directly controlled by the transcriptional activity of the hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF1a). LDHB is also known to be upregulated in many cancers.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0186)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0186

Beschreibung: SHP2 is a tyrosine phosphatase containing two tandem SH2 (src homology 2) domains. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a group of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins. Together with tyrosine kinases, PTPs regulate the phosphorylation state of many important signaling molecules.
SHP1 and SHP2 represent a subfamily of non-transmembrane PTPs that contain two SH2 domains followed by a PTP domain. Tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP2 is required for normal ERK activation in response to some growth factors. In the inactive state, the N-terminal SH2 domain binds the PTP domain and blocks access of potential substrates to the active site. This auto-inhibition is relieved by the binding of phosphopeptides to SH2 domain, resulting in activation of phostphatase activity.
Noonan syndrome characterized by an abnormal face, short stature and cardiac abnormalities is due to the mutations of N-terminal SH2 domain or PTP domain. SHP2 mutations might also cause some leukemia, and could be important in pathogenesis by Helicobacter pylori, the major cause of gastric ulcer and carcinoma.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0167)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0167

Beschreibung: α-1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a protein with a molecular weight of 41~43 kDa and is heavily glycosylated (45%). Due to the presence of sialic acids, it is negatively charged (pI=2.7-3.2). AGP is one of the major acute phase proteins in humans. As most acute phase proteins, its serum concentration increases in response to systemic tissue injury, inflammation or infection, and these changes in serum protein concentrations have been correlated with increases in hepatic synthesis. Also, its glycosylation pattern can change depending on the type of inflammation. The biological function of AGP remains unknown; however, AGP is believed to regulate the interaction between blood cells and endothelial cells, and regulates the extravasation of the cells during infection and inflammation.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0172)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0172

Beschreibung: The Rb protein (pRb, 110kDa) is a tumor suppressor, which plays a pivotal role in the negative control of the cell cycle and in tumor progression. pRb is responsible for a major G1 checkpoint, blocking S-phase entry and cell growth. pRb prevents the cell from replicating damaged DNA by preventing its progression through the cell cycle into its S phase or progressing through G1 phase. pRb can actively inhibit cell cycle progression when it is dephosphorylated while this function is inactivated when pRb is phosphorylated. pRb is activated near the end of mitosis (M phase) when a phosphatase dephosphorylates it, allowing it to bind E2F. The pRb protein represses gene transcription, required for transition from G1 to S phase, by directly binding to the transactivation domain of E2F and by binding to the promoter of these genes as a complex with E2F.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0184)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0184

Beschreibung: The Notch signaling pathway is important for cell-cell communication, which involve gene regulation mechanisms that control multiple cell differentiation processes during embryonic and adult life. It critically influences cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in metazoans. The hairy and enhancer of split (HES) family is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type trancriptional repressor and acts as Notch effectors by negatively regulating expression of downstream target genes such as tissue-specific transcription factors. HES-1 is an upstream negative regulator of REST expression. Silencing of the transcriptional repressor REST is required for terminal differentiation of neuronal and β-cells.
Recent integrative genomic analyses on HES/HEY family suggest that HES1 and HES3 are target genes of the embryonic stem cell-specific network of transcription factors, and that HES1, HES5, HEY1, HEY2 and HEYL are target genes of Notch signaling pathway.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0150)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0150

Beschreibung: Heparin cofactor II (HCII), a single chain glycoprotein with a MW of 65kDa, is a serine protease inhibitor that is synthesized by the liver and circulates in plasma. Heparin cofactor II inhibits thrombin by formation of a stable bimolecular complex, but has no activity against other proteases involved in coagulation or fibrinolysis. The rate at which HCII inhibits thrombin increases more than 1000-fold in the presence of heparin, heparan sulfate, or dermatan sulfate. Heparin cofactor II is unique among serine protease inhibitors in its ability to be stimulated by dermatan sulfate, and it binds to a minor subpopulation of dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides. Turnover studies of labeled HCII in humans suggest that 40% of the protein equilibrates with an extravascular compartment, but the distribution of HCII in various tissues has not been thoroughly investigated. Heparin cofactor II has been detected in the intima of normal human arteries, and the ability of dermatan sulfate in the arterial wall to stimulate HCII is decreased in atherosclerotic lesions.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0245)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0245

Beschreibung: Akt (protein kinase B, PKB) is a serine/threonine protein kinase. Akt is activated by PI3 kinase, which is itself activated by tyrosine kinase (Thr308, Ser473). Akt/PKB controls vital cellular functions such as cell survival/apoptosis, cell cycle progression and glucose metabolism. It also acts down-stream from growth factors and hormones. Akt/PKB can inhibit cell cycle arrest by phosphorylating p21. Also, Akt/PKB may potentiate cell cycle progression through increased translation of cyclin D. Akt/PKB directly affects the apoptosis pathway by, for example, targeting the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 related protein, BAD. It also can phosphorylate three kinases upstream of SAPK. The SAPK system consists of two groups of kinases, and JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways. The SAPK pathway is an important target for Akt/PKB regulation to promote cell survival. Akt/PKB is able to regulate cell survival through transcriptional factors(Forkhead, nuclear factor-kB(NF-kB), Murine double minute 2(Mdm2)) that are responsible for pro- as well as anti-apoptotic genes. One of the first physiological targets of PKB to be identified was glycogen synthase kinase-3(GSK3), which has been associated with the control of many cellular processes, including glycogen and protein synthesis, and the modulation of transcription factor activity. The involvement of Akt in disease processes like malignancy, neurodegeneration and abnormal glucose metabolism has also been demonstrated.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0045)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0045

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol (1).

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