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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0126)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0126

Beschreibung: p38 MAPK cascade regulates a variety of cellular responses to stress, inflammation and other signals. p38 MAPK is relatively inactive in the non-phosphorylated form and becomes rapidly activated by dual phosphorylation of a Thr-Gly-Tyr motifs. There are four isoforms of p38 MAPK, , ,  and , which differ in their tissue expression and affinity for upstream activators and downstream effectors.
When cells are exposed to tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin-1, heat shock, or other activating stimuli, activation of MAPK kinase-3 and –6 occurs by phosphorylation. Activated MAPK kinase-3/6 phosphorylate each residue of Thr180 and Tyr182 in p38 MAPK. Phospho-p38 MAPK activates ATF-2, CHOP-1, MEF-2 and other transcription factors through phosphorylation.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0163)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0163

Beschreibung: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a monomeric immunoglobulin, built of two heavy chains γ and two light chains. Each molecule has two antigen binding sites. This is the most abundant immunoglobulin and is approximately equally distributed in blood and in tissue liquids. This is the only isotype that can pass through the placenta, thereby providing protection to the fetus in its first weeks of life before its own immune system has developed. It can bind to many kinds of pathogens, for example viruses, bacteria, and fungi, and protects the body against them by complement activation (classic pathway), opsonization for phagocytosis and neutralisation of their toxins. There are 4 subclasses: IgG1 (66%), IgG2 (23%), IgG3 (7%) and IgG4 (4%). 1) IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 cross the placenta easily. 2) IgG3 is the most effective complement activator and IgG4 does not activate complement. 3) IgG1 and IgG3 bind with high affinity to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells. IgG4 has intermediate affinity and IgG2 affinity is extremely low.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0366)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0366

Beschreibung: Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) is a cytoplasmic protein, abundantly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Müller glia of the retina and in the pineal gland. Structurally, human CRALBP is a ∼36-kDa monomeric protein, proposed to adopt an “open” or “closed” conformation, depending on whether it is carrying an endogenous ligand. CRALBP interacts structurally and functionally with 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase (RDH5), an enzyme of the visual cycle in RPE. CRALBP is a member of the CRAL_TRIO family of proteins that share a lipid-binding domain derived from the yeast Sec14 protein.
Mutations in the human CRALBP gene cause retinal pathology and delayed dark adaptation. CRALBP knockout mice have a delayed response in rhodopsin regeneration, 11-cis-retinal production and dark adaptation after illumination.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0120)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0120

Beschreibung: Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of serine/threonine kinases. Its mRNA and protein are expressed in kidney, testes, and ovary. And Its activity is detected almost exclusively in brain extracts.
Similar to other Cdks, monomeric Cdk5 displays no enzymatic activity, but Cdk5 is not activated by cyclins. Instead, Cdk5 activity requires association with one of two brain-specific regulatory subunits called p35 and p39. The two activators regulate the spatial and temporal expression of active Cdk5 to restrict its activity primarily to post-mitotic neurons.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0240)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0240

Beschreibung: Focal adhesion kinase subfamily consists of the non-receptor proline-rich protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Two members of the family are focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2). These two kinases have molecular mass between 110-125 kDa and are closely related in their structure. The presence of two proline-rich motifs within the C-terminal domains is conserved.
FAK is a nonreceptor and nonmembrane associated PTK which does not contain Src homology 2 (SH2) or SH3 protein interaction domains. The centrally located kinase domain of FAK is flanked by large N- and C-terminal noncatalytic domains.
FAK links integrin receptors to intracellular signaling pathways that are important for cell growth, survival, and migration. Integrin receptor engagement with ligands such as fibronectin can stimulate FAK autophosphorylation which enables FAK to function within a network of integrin-stimulated signaling pathways leading to the activation of targets such as the ERK and JNK/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Recent study reveals that FAK is essential for angiogenesis in the embryo, functions in heart development and modulates the response of cardiomyocytes to pressure overload in adult mice.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0238)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0238

Beschreibung: Syk, Spleen tyrosine kinase, is expressed in a wide range of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and plays a key role in adaptive immune system, which is the immunoreceptor (B cell receptor and Fc-receptors) signaling pathways including Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis. In hematopoietic cells such as B and T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, mast cells, macrophages and platelets, Syk is involved in the proximal signaling downstream of activated immunoreceptors (e.g. BCR, TCR, Fc receptors) containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) to which it binds using its tandem SH2 domains. Activated and autophosphorylated Syk then phosphorylates its specific substrates including other enzymes and adaptor proteins, orchestrating a complex series of cellular responses such as cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and phagocytosis.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0029)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0029

Beschreibung: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme involved in the defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS). SOD catalyzes the dismutation reaction of superoxide radical anion (O2-) to hydrogen peroxide, which is then catalyzed to innocuous O2 and H2O by glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Several classes of SOD have been identified. These include intracellular copper, zinc SOD (Cu, Zn-SOD/SOD-1), mitochondrial manganese SOD (Mn-SOD/SOD-2) and extracellular Cu, Zn-SOD (EC-SOD/SOD-3) (1). SOD1 is found in all eukaryotic species as a homodimeric 32 kDa enzyme containing one each of Cu and Zn ion per subunit (2). The manganese containing 80 kDa tetrameric enzyme SOD2, is located in the mitochondrial matrix in close proximity to a primary endogenous source of superoxide, the mitochondrial respiratory chain (3). SOD3 is a heparin-binding multimer of disulfide-linked dimers, primarily expressed in human lungs, vessel walls and airways (4). SOD4 is a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS), which specifically delivers Cu to copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. CCS may activate copper/zinc superoxide dismutase through direct insertion of the Cu cofactor.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0033)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0033

Beschreibung: Ferredoxin reductase is a ubiquitous flavoenzyme, containing noncovalently bound FAD as a prosthetic group (1). It plays a role in delivering NADPH or low potential one-electron donors such as ferredoxin and flavodoxin to redox-based metabolisms in plastids, mitochondria and bacteria (2). In mammals, ferredoxin reductase is loosely associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane and receives electrons from NADPH. These electrons are transferred to ferredoxin which shuttles electrons to cytochrome P450 in the adrenal cortex mitochondrial steroid hydroxylation systems (3).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0179)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0179

Beschreibung: ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase, and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates the other two kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in ERK 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0180)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0180

Beschreibung: The inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (ITI, IαI) family, a typical and classical example for protein-glycosaminoglycanprotein (PGP) complexes, occurs constitutively in plasma at relatively high concentrations and is a result of alternate combinations of three kinds of heavy chains with a common light chain, the bikunin proteoglycan. Bikunin has two proteinase inhibitor domains and belongs to the Kunitz-type protease inhibitor family; it displays an inhibitory activity against trypsin, leukocyte elastase and plasmin. The heavy chains do not have any protease inhibitory properties but have the capacity to interact in vitro and in vivo with hyaluronic acid and this binding promotes the stability of the extra-cellular matrix. The ITI protein family is suspected of playing a key role in the extra-cellular matrix biology.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0183)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0183

Beschreibung: The p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) comprise a family of serine/threon-ine kinases that lie at the terminus of the ERK pathway. In humans, the RSK family consists of four isoforms (RSK1 to -4). RSK family members are unusual among serine/threonine kinases in that they contain two distinct kinase domains, both of which are catalytically functional. Theses kinase dimains are activated in a sequential manner by a series of phosphorylations. RSK regulates gene expression via association and phosphor-ylation of transcriptional regulators includ-ing c-Fos, estrogen receptor, NFkappaB/Ika-ppaB α, cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0155)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0155

Beschreibung: Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) is a 40 kDa member of the CDK family of mitotic kinases involved in cell cycle progression. CDKs are the catalytic subunits of the cyclin/CDK complexes, which phosphorylate substrates on threonine/serine residues. CDK6 associates with the D-type cyclins and is important in the progression of cells from the G1-phase to the S-phase of the cell cycle. Loss of normal cell cycle regulation is the hallmark of human cancers, and alteration of the components involved in cell cycle regulation occurs in most human tumors. This suggests that CDK6 is an attractive target for the development of pharmacological agents for the treatment of cancer. Recently, several studies have indicated a novel role for cdk6 in differentiation, also.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0143)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0143

Beschreibung: C reactive protein(CRP) is a major acute phase reactant synthesized primarily in the liver hepatocytes. It is a pentraxin(cyclic pentameric protein) compound of five identical nonglycosylated subunits of 206 amino acids each(M.W 24kDa) that are bound noncovalently to form the physiologic CRP molecule(M.W. 117.5kDa). CRP binds to several nuclear components, including chromatin and histones. This may indicate that it functions as a scavenger during cell necrosis. CRP also appears to have the strongest association with cardiovascular events; It may, therefore, be associated with ischemic heart disease. Its rapid increase in synthesis within hours after tissue injury or infection suggests that it contributes to host defense and that it is part of the innate immune response.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0149)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0149

Beschreibung: The complement system is a crucial component of the innate immunity against microbial infection. Complement factor H, a 155 kDa plasma glycoprotein, is an essential regulatory protein that plays a critical role in the homeostasis of the complement system in plasma and in the protection of bystander host cells and tissues from damage by complement activation. Factor H binds to C3b, accelerates the decay of the alternative pathway C3-convertase and acts as a cofactor for the factor I-mediated proteolytic inactivation of C3b. In addition, factor H has multiple physiological activities 1) acts as an extracellular matrix component, 2) binds to cellular receptors of the integrin type, and 3) interacts with a wide selection of ligands, such as the C-reactive protein, thrombospondin, bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, and heparin. Complement factor H has revealed an association with two different renal diseases, glomerulonephritis and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0147)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0147

Beschreibung: Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP, VDBP), also called group-specific component (Gc) and macrophage-activating factor (GcMAF/DBP-MAF), is 52 to 58kDa plasma glycoprotein with many functions, such as transport of vitamin D metabolites, control of bone development, binding of fatty acids, sequestration of actin, and modulating immune and inflammatory responses. DBP is synthesized predominantly by hepatic parenchymal cells and detected in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, seminal fluid, saliva and breast milk. The exploitation of the unique properties of DBP could enable the development of important therapeutic agents such as vitamin D-associated conditions, actin sequestering in trauma and inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteopetrosis, cancer therapy and immune modulation by macrophage activation. The DBP molecule is therefore an ideal candidate molecule for further investigation by biotechnology-based companies seeking a platform from which to pursue new therapeutic options.

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Lieferant: AbFrontier

Beschreibung: Fibronectins bind cell surfaces and various compounds including collagen, fibrin, heparin, DNA, and actin. Fibronectins are involved in cell adhesion, cell motility, opsonization, wound healing, and maintenance of cell shape.