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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0198)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0198

Beschreibung: The complement system is a part of the larger immune system and three biochemical pathways are present: the classical complement pathway, the alternative pathway, and the mannose-binding lectin pathway.
Complement component C4 is an essential component of humoral immune response. In its activated form, C4b becomes a subunit of the C3 convertase, which is an enzymatic complex that activates C3 of the classical and lectin complement activation pathways. The classical pathway is initiated by the activation of the C1-complex (C1q, C1r and C1s) by C1q's binding to antibody-antigen. The C1-complex now binds to and splits C2 and C4 producing C2a and C4b. C4b and C2a bind to form C3-convertase. Production of C3-convertase leads to cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b and C3b joins with the C3 convertase to make C5 convertase. Human C4 is the most polymorphic protein of the complement system. Complement C4 exists as two isotypes, C4A (acidic) and C4B (basic). Although the sequence identity is very high, they have different hemolytic activities, covalent affinities to antigens and immune complexes, and serological reactivities. Each C4 contains β chain, α chain, C4a anaphyltoxin, C4b, and γ chain.
C4-deficient mice shows incomplete clearance of microbial attack and C4-deficiency in human shows increased autoimmune diseases.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0350)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0350

Beschreibung: Anti-NF2 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody [clone: AF1G4]

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0211)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0211

Beschreibung: Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a 97 kDa serine/threonine protein kinase expressed only in hematopoietic cells and tissues. HPK1 is comprosed of a STE20-like kinase domain in its N-terminus, four proline-rich motifs (-P-x-x-P-), a caspase cleavage site, and a distal C-terminal Citron homology domain. The proline-rich motifs are capable of binding proteins that contain SH3 domains.
HPK1 is involved in many cellular signaling cascades that include MAPK signaling, antigen receptor signaling, apoptosis, growth factor signaling, and cytokine signaling. HPK1 binds many adaptor proteins including members of the Grb2 family, Nck family, Crk family, SLP-76 family, and actin-binding adaptors. HPK1 contains 13 potential tyrosine phosphorylation residues, some of which may be phosphorylated by ZAP-70, which provide potential docking sites for SH2 domains containing proteins.
HPK1 is activated by both EGF and PDGF stimulation where adaptor proteins are involved in mediating the localization of effector molecules to cell surface receptors.
Activation-induced cell death (AICD)-resistant T cells contain full-length HPK1, while AICD-sensitive T cells have HPK1-C (cleaved form). HPK1 might be a possible molecular switch used to discriminate between the extrinsic pathway involving death receptors and the intrinsic pathway determined by the ratio between anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0020)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0020

Beschreibung: The mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of selenocysteine-containing pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxido-reductases. All the mammalian TrxRs are homologous to glutathione reductase with respect to primary structure including the conserved redox catalytic site (-Cys-Val-Asn-Val-Gly-Cys-) but distinctively with a C-terminal extension containing a catalytically active penultimate selenocysteine (SeCys) residue in the conserved sequence(-Gly-Cys-SeCys-Gly). TrxR is homodimeric protein in which each monomer includes an FAD prosthetic group, a NADPH binding site and a redox catalytic site. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via FAD and the active-site disulfide to C-terminal SeCys-containing redox center, which then reduces the substrate like thioredoxin. The members of TrxR family are 55 – 58 kilodalton in molecular size and composed of three isoforms including cytosolic TrxR1, mitochondrial TrxR2, and TrxR3, known as Trx and GSSG reductase (TGR). TrxR plays a key role in protection of cells against oxidative stress and redox-regulatory mechanism of transcription factors and various biological phenomena (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0367)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0367

Beschreibung: Moesin (for membrane-organizing extension spike protein) is a member of the EMR protein family which includes ezrin and radixin. ERM proteins appear to function as cross-linkers between plasma membranes and actin-based cytoskeletons.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0183)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0183

Beschreibung: Sequential activation of protein kinases within the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) cascades is a common mechanism of signal transduction in many cellular processes. The ERK signaling cascade is a central MAPK pathway that plays a role in the regulation of various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, development, learning, and survival. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKK) phosphorylate MAPK. MEK (MAP kinase or ERK kinase) is the immediate upstream activator kinase of ERK.
MEK6 encodes a 334-amino acid protein with 82% identity to MKK3. MEK6 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle like many other members of this family, but in contrast to MKK3 its expression in leukocytes is very low. The human MEKs (MEK1, MEK2, MEK3) show remarkably different activity toward ERKl and ERK2. MEK2 is the most active ERK activator. MEK3 is inactive toward ERKl or ERK2. MEK3, MEK4, and MEK6 phosphorylate and activate p38 MAP kinase. The p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signal transduction pathway is activated by proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress. Transcription factors such as ATF2 and Elk-1 are targets of the p38 MAP kinase signal transduction pathway.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0093)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0093

Beschreibung: Bone morphogenetic protein 4, also known as BMP4, is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. The superfamily includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo. BMPs also regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, lineage determination, motility, and death.
BMP4 is a potent bone-inducing morphogen, and a reduction in expression has been associated with a variety of bone diseases, including the heritable disorder Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.
BMP4 is a critical signaling molecule required for the early differentiation of the embryo and establishing of a dorsal-ventral axis. It also plays a role in the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions leading to tooth formation.
Both BMP2 and BMP4 have been found in calcified atherosclerotic plaques and aortic valve diseases, which suggests their importance in cardiovascular diseases.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0318)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0318

Beschreibung: Son of sevenless (SOS) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that
activates Ras in response to growth factor stimulation. Sos1, and its
closely related Sos2 paralog, are comprised of an N-terminal
histone-binding domain, a RacGEF catalytic (DH) domain juxtaposed with
a PH domain, a Ras exchanger motif (REM) domain, a RasGEF catalytic
domain, and a C-terminal proline-rich region. Sos1 catalyzes the
GDP-GTP exchange within the membrane-bound GTPase Ras and
thereby switches on a key signaling circuit that involves the activation of
MAPK cascade central to cellular proliferation, survival and differentiation.
Growth factor stimulation rapidly induces the phosphorylation of Sos on
multiple serine and threonine sites. Phosphorylation of residues within the
Sos C-terminus by the MAP/ERK kinase disrupts the Grb2-Sos complex.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0283)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0283

Beschreibung: Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions and brain cholinergic synapses, and thus terminates signal transmission. In addition, acetylcholinesterase contributes to various physiological processes through its involvement in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival.
Because of alternative splicing at the C-terminus of acetylcholinesterase mRNA, it has three different isoforms: synaptic (S), erythrocytic (E) and read-through (R). These acetylcholinesterase variants selectively participate in the processes involved in promoting or attenuating cell death that accompany changes in expression, distribution and balance among the enzyme variants.
Impairment of cholinergic neurotransmission is a well-established fact in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is characterized by a loss of cholinergic neurons and their cortical projections from the nucleus basalis and associated areas in the basal forebrain.
The cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE-Is) attenuate the cholinergic deficit underlying the cognitive and neuropsychiatric dysfunctions in patients with AD. Inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been the major therapeutic target of cholinesterase inhibitor treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0051)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0051

Beschreibung: In vivo, tyrosine phosphorylation is reversible and dynamic; the phosphorylation states are governed by the opposing activites of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs are involved in controlling of diverse array of cellular process. They are large(~100) and structurally diverse family of enzymes. PTPs contain one or two catalytic domains which is approximately 280 residues and are characterized by the existence of the signature motif HC(X)5R. The Cys and Arg residues in this motif have essential functions for catalytic activity. PTPs regulate cell growth and metabolism, with special emphasis on its ability to regulate integrin, growth factor, and cytokine signaling.

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Lieferant: AbFrontier

Beschreibung: Recombinant protein used to causes an allergic reaction in human.

Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0205)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0205

Beschreibung: Vitronectin is an 75 kDa glycoprotein consisting of 459 amino acid residues. It is abundant in blood plasma and the extracellular matrix. Vitronectin contains three glycosylation sites that contribute approximately 30% of its molecular mass. It circulates as a single-chain (75 kDa) and two-chain (10 and 65 kDa) forms under reducing conditions. Under non-reducing conditions, the N-terminal 65 kDa and C-terminal 10 kDa fragments are linked by a single disulfide bond .
Vitronectin has been implicated as a regulator of many diverse physiological processes including coagulation, fibrinolysis, pericellular proteolysis, complement dependent immune response, cell attachment and spreading. Cell adhesion and migration are directly involved in cancer metastasis and tumor malignancy.
The Somatomedin B domain of Vitronectin binds to Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and stabilizes it. Thus vitronectin serves to regulate proteolysis initiated by plasminogen activation. Additionally vitronectin is a component of platelets and is thus involved in hemostasis via heparin binding which neutralizing antithrombin III inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa. Vitronectin contains an RGD (45-47) sequence which is a binding site for membrane bound integrins, which serve to anchor cells to the extracellular matrix.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0154)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0154

Beschreibung: Myeloperoxidase is a major neutrophil protein and is also present in monocytes. In neutrophils, it is stored in azurophilic granules and released during phagocytosis. It is a heme enzyme that uses the superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generated by the neutrophil oxidative burst to produce hypochlorous acid and other reactive oxidants.The produced hypochlorous acid reacts with and destroys bacteria. In many inflammatory pathologies, such as cystic fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis, neutrophils are also causing tissue damage. MPO is thought to be the most promising cardiac marker at the moment. In addition to that MPO is a good inflammatory biomarker for autoimmune, inflammatory diseases and cancer.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0173)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0173

Beschreibung: The Rb protein (pRb, 110kDa) is a tumor suppressor, which plays a pivotal role in the negative control of the cell cycle and in tumor progression. pRb is responsible for a major G1 checkpoint, blocking S-phase entry and cell growth. pRb prevents the cell from replicating damaged DNA by preventing its progression through the cell cycle into its S phase or progressing through G1 phase. pRb can actively inhibit cell cycle progression when it is dephosphorylated while this function is inactivated when pRb is phosphorylated. pRb is activated near the end of mitosis (M phase) when a phosphatase dephosphorylates it, allowing it to bind E2F. The pRb protein represses gene transcription, required for transition from G1 to S phase, by directly binding to the transactivation domain of E2F and by binding to the promoter of these genes as a complex with E2F.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0049)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0049

Beschreibung: ROCK, Rho-associated coiled-coil forming kinases, is a protein serine/threonine kinase that is activated when bound to the GTP-bound form of Rho. The small GTPase Rho regulates formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers of fibroblasts, as well as adhesion and aggregation of platelets and lymphocytes by shuttling between the inactive GDP-bound form and the active GTP-bound form. Rho is also essential in cytokinesis and plays a role in transcriptional activation by serum response factor. ROCK, as a downstream effector of Rho, phosphorylates and activates LIM kinase, which in turn, phosphorylates cofilin, inhibiting its actin-depolymerizing activity. ROCK2 regulates cytokinesis, smooth muscle contraction, the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, and the activation of the c-fos serum response element.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0223)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0223

Beschreibung: The casein kinase I (CKI) family of serine/threonine protein kinases is highly conserved from yeast to humans. The CKI family is involved in many diverse and important cellular functions, such as regulation of membrane transport, cell division, DNA repair, circadian rhythms, and nuclear localization.
The name of the enzyme family was originated from the convenience of casein as a substrate since the earliest days of research on protein phosphorylation.
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous, highly conserved, essential serine/threonine kinase which has been implicated in cell cycle control, DNA repair, regulation of the circadian rhythm and other cellular processes.
CK2 is a tetramer of two α subunits and two β subunits. The α subunits have the catalytic kinase domain. Loss of the α‘ catalytic subunit produces male infertility, and loss of the single β regulatory subunit is
early embryonic lethal.
CK2 appears to be upregulated in most cancers and the promotion of tumorigenesis by the overexpression of CK2 has been reported in transgenic mice.

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