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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0045)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0045

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0313)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0313

Beschreibung: Casein kinases are a group of ubiquitous Ser/Thr kinases that phosphorylate key regulatory proteins involved in the control of cell differentiation, proliferation, chromosome segregation, circadian rhythms, and metabolic pathways. CK1 family members share a highly conserved kinase domain but differ in their variable N- and C-terminal domains.
Mammals have seven family members: α, β, γ1, γ2, γ3, δ and epsilon. They all share at least 50% amino
acid identity within the protein kinase catalytic domain. CK1 isoforms exclusively use ATP as phosphate donor and are generally co-factor independent.
Casein kinase I epsilon is a Wnt-regulated kinase, and regulated phosphorylation of Dvl allows fine tuning of the Wnt-b-catenin signaling pathway. CKIe positively regulates Akt possibly by inhibiting PP2A. CKIe
play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0201)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0201

Beschreibung: Shc is a prototype adapter protein that is expressed from the earliest stages of T-cell development. Shc becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated after T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement.
Three shc genes have been identified in mammals and their gene products have been referred to as ShcA, ShcB and ShcC. ShcA is ubiquitously expressed, while shcB and ShcC expression appear limited to neuronal cells. ShcA is expressed as three isoforms of about 46, 52 and 66 kDa.
Shc is composed of an N-terminal PTB, a central collagen-homology (CH) domain and a C-terminal SH2 domain. The 66 kDa isoform of ShcA is expressed in most cells except in the hematopoietic lineage and contains an additional amino-terminal CH-like region.
The tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc has been noticed upon engagement of numerous cell surface receptors such as growth factor receptors, antigen receptors, cytokine receptors, G-protein coupled receptors and hormone receptors. The involvement of ShcA in the Ras signaling pathway is initiated by the tyrosine-phosphorylation of the receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RPTKs) and subsequent interaction with Grb2 and Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Sos. The Shc : Grb2 : Sos complex gets localized to the membrane through the interaction of Shc with the phosphorylated receptor. Membrane-bound Sos then activates Ras by catalysing GDP/GTD exchange. GTP-bound Ras then triggers downstream events, which include Raf, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and MAPK kinase (MEK).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0211)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0211

Beschreibung: Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a 97 kDa serine/threonine protein kinase expressed only in hematopoietic cells and tissues. HPK1 is comprosed of a STE20-like kinase domain in its N-terminus, four proline-rich motifs (-P-x-x-P-), a caspase cleavage site, and a distal C-terminal Citron homology domain. The proline-rich motifs are capable of binding proteins that contain SH3 domains.
HPK1 is involved in many cellular signaling cascades that include MAPK signaling, antigen receptor signaling, apoptosis, growth factor signaling, and cytokine signaling. HPK1 binds many adaptor proteins including members of the Grb2 family, Nck family, Crk family, SLP-76 family, and actin-binding adaptors. HPK1 contains 13 potential tyrosine phosphorylation residues, some of which may be phosphorylated by ZAP-70, which provide potential docking sites for SH2 domains containing proteins.
HPK1 is activated by both EGF and PDGF stimulation where adaptor proteins are involved in mediating the localization of effector molecules to cell surface receptors.
Activation-induced cell death (AICD)-resistant T cells contain full-length HPK1, while AICD-sensitive T cells have HPK1-C (cleaved form). HPK1 might be a possible molecular switch used to discriminate between the extrinsic pathway involving death receptors and the intrinsic pathway determined by the ratio between anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0209)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0209

Beschreibung: TRBP (transactivation response RNA binding protein) is a protein that increases HIV-1 expression and replication by inhibition of the interferon-induced protein kinase PKR. TRBP overexpression is associated with reduced abundance of phosphorylated PKR and stimulation of protein translation.
TRBP has a physiological role in spermatogenesis and growth control during development. It is oncogenic upon overexpression, likely because of its association with PKR, with the PKR activator PACT, and with the tumor suppressor Merlin. TRBP was identified as a merlin interacting protein by Gal4-based yeast two-hybrid screening of a human adult brain cDNA library. Merlin can inhibit tumorigenesis mediated by TRBP and can regulate the protein translation pathways controlled by TRBP.
Dicer is a key enzyme involved in RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNA (miRNA) pathways. Ago-2, a member of the Argonaute family, Dicer and TRBP comprise the catalytic core of the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0020)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0020

Beschreibung: The mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of selenocysteine-containing pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxido-reductases. All the mammalian TrxRs are homologous to glutathione reductase with respect to primary structure including the conserved redox catalytic site (-Cys-Val-Asn-Val-Gly-Cys-) but distinctively with a C-terminal extension containing a catalytically active penultimate selenocysteine (SeCys) residue in the conserved sequence(-Gly-Cys-SeCys-Gly). TrxR is homodimeric protein in which each monomer includes an FAD prosthetic group, a NADPH binding site and a redox catalytic site. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via FAD and the active-site disulfide to C-terminal SeCys-containing redox center, which then reduces the substrate like thioredoxin. The members of TrxR family are 55 – 58 kilodalton in molecular size and composed of three isoforms including cytosolic TrxR1, mitochondrial TrxR2, and TrxR3, known as Trx and GSSG reductase (TGR). TrxR plays a key role in protection of cells against oxidative stress and redox-regulatory mechanism of transcription factors and various biological phenomena (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0173)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0173

Beschreibung: The Rb protein (pRb, 110kDa) is a tumor suppressor, which plays a pivotal role in the negative control of the cell cycle and in tumor progression. pRb is responsible for a major G1 checkpoint, blocking S-phase entry and cell growth. pRb prevents the cell from replicating damaged DNA by preventing its progression through the cell cycle into its S phase or progressing through G1 phase. pRb can actively inhibit cell cycle progression when it is dephosphorylated while this function is inactivated when pRb is phosphorylated. pRb is activated near the end of mitosis (M phase) when a phosphatase dephosphorylates it, allowing it to bind E2F. The pRb protein represses gene transcription, required for transition from G1 to S phase, by directly binding to the transactivation domain of E2F and by binding to the promoter of these genes as a complex with E2F.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0076)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0076

Beschreibung: Diazepam Binding Inhibitor(DBI) is a highly conserved 10 kDa polypeptide which is expressed in various species range from yeast to mammals. As an inverse agonist for benzodiazepine receptors, DBI downregulates inhibitory effects of GABA. It also has potential to induce anxiety. Found in central and peripheral tissues, DBI also participates in metabolism of steroids, which has been known to partially modify GABAA receptor function in the CNS. In peripheral tissues, DBI plays regulatory roles in steroidogenesis. DBI levels have been reported to be decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with Alzheimer disease.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0052)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0052

Beschreibung: Well known as detoxification enzymes, the glutathione transferases(GST) also function in prostaglandin and steroid hormone synthesis. The enzymes are dimmers of 25kDa subunits. There are three major groups of GSTs: canonical(or cytosolic) GSTs(cGSTs), mitochondrial GSTs, and microsomal GSTs. GSTs play a role in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides and other xenobiotics.
GST is also a widely used fusion partner, since it offers both an easily detectable tag and a simple purification process that has a minimal with little effect on the biological function of the protein of interest. Recombinant hybrids containing a polypeptide fusion partner (termed “affinity tag”) to facilitate the purification of the target polypeptides are widely used. Epitope tags are useful for the labeling and detection of proteins using immunoblotting, IP and immunostaining techniques. Due to their small size, they are unlikely to affect the tagged protein’s biochemical properities. Numerous vectors containing GST-tags have been developed for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems over the past decade.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0068)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0068

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0253)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0253

Beschreibung: Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a group of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins. Together with tyrosine kinases, PTPs regulate the phosphorylation state of many important signaling molecules, such as the MAP kinase family. Recently, increasing attention has been focused on the growing family of PTPs. Like PTKs, PTPs have been implicated in cell signaling, cell growth and proliferation, and oncogenic transformation. Moreover, some PTPs can be involved in cell cycle regulation and embryogenesis.
Dual specificity phosphatases (DSPs) are an emerging subclass of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) gene superfamily, which appears to be selective for dephosphorylating the critical phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine residues. The prototypical DSP is the VH1 gene in vaccinia virus expressed in late-stage viral infection.
A shallow active site pocket in VHR allows for the hydrolysis of phosphorylated serine, threonine, or tyrosine protein residues, whereas the deeper active site of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) restricts substrate specificity to only phosphotyrosine.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0154)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0154

Beschreibung: Myeloperoxidase is a major neutrophil protein and is also present in monocytes. In neutrophils, it is stored in azurophilic granules and released during phagocytosis. It is a heme enzyme that uses the superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generated by the neutrophil oxidative burst to produce hypochlorous acid and other reactive oxidants.The produced hypochlorous acid reacts with and destroys bacteria. In many inflammatory pathologies, such as cystic fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis, neutrophils are also causing tissue damage. MPO is thought to be the most promising cardiac marker at the moment. In addition to that MPO is a good inflammatory biomarker for autoimmune, inflammatory diseases and cancer.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0150)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0150

Beschreibung: Heparin cofactor II (HCII), a single chain glycoprotein with a MW of 65kDa, is a serine protease inhibitor that is synthesized by the liver and circulates in plasma. Heparin cofactor II inhibits thrombin by formation of a stable bimolecular complex, but has no activity against other proteases involved in coagulation or fibrinolysis. The rate at which HCII inhibits thrombin increases more than 1000-fold in the presence of heparin, heparan sulfate, or dermatan sulfate. Heparin cofactor II is unique among serine protease inhibitors in its ability to be stimulated by dermatan sulfate, and it binds to a minor subpopulation of dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides. Turnover studies of labeled HCII in humans suggest that 40% of the protein equilibrates with an extravascular compartment, but the distribution of HCII in various tissues has not been thoroughly investigated. Heparin cofactor II has been detected in the intima of normal human arteries, and the ability of dermatan sulfate in the arterial wall to stimulate HCII is decreased in atherosclerotic lesions.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0155)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0155

Beschreibung: Voltage-dependent anion channel(VDAC) proteins are abundant, pore-forming proteins belonging to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porins.　It was discovered in the mitochondrial outer membrane. It also is expressed in the plasma membrane. At least three different VDAC genes have been identified in vertebrates. VDAC proteins are known to play an essential role in cellular metabolism and in the early stages of apoptosis. For example, VDAC contitutes a major pathway by which metabolites such as ADP/ATP, succinate and citrate are exchanged between the cytosol and mitochondria. And VDAC1 in the plasma membrane establishes a novel level of apoptosis regulation putatively via its redox activity.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0323)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0323

Beschreibung: Check point kinase 1 (Chk1) is a serine / threonine protein kinase and a key mediator in the DNA damage-induced checkpoint network. Chk1 is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that functions to ensure genomic integrity upon genotoxic stress. When the G2 or S checkpoint is abrogated
by the inhibition of Chk1, p53-deficient cancer cells undergo mitotic catastrophe and eventually apoptosis, whereas normal cells are still arrested in the G1 phase. Thus, Chk1 inhibitors can preferentially
potentiate the efficacy of DNA damaging agents in cancer cells, and Chk1 is an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment, especially since approximately 50% of all human cancers are p53-deficient.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0330)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0330

Beschreibung: NCK1 is one of the adaptor proteins which mediate specific protein-protein interactions in signaling processes. Adaptor proteins usually contain several domains like SH2 (Src homology 2) and SH3 which allow specific interactions with other specific proteins.
NCK1 and NCK2 showing high sequence identity (68%) have three SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Both of them bind receptor tyrosine kinases such as PDGFR and other tyrosine phosphorylated
proteins via their SH2 domains. Various molecules which interact with SH domains of Nck and regulate signaling process of actin cytoskeleton reorganization have been identified. Ncks are thought to have important functions in the development of mesodermal structures during embryogenesis, linked to a role in cell movement and cytoskeletal reorganization.
Nck also have a function in modulating mRNA translation at the level of initiation by interacting eukayotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). Under the stressed conditions, protein synthesis is reduced by inhibiting the activity of eIF2 through the phosphorylation, transiently inhibiting recycling of eIF2
into its active form.

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