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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0035)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0035

Beschreibung: Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) have been implicated in the control of cell proliferation, survival and migration. The PDGF family of growth factors consists of five different disulphide-linked dimers built up of four different polypeptide chains encoded by four different genes. Theses isoforms, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB, PDGF-BB, PDGF-CC and PDGF-DD, act via two receptor tyrosine kinases, PDGF receptors α and β. Thus far, gene-targeting experiments have been attempted to create knockout mice deficient for PDGFR-α or PDGFR-β. Those mice, however, died either at the embryonic stage or several days after birth. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors, PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β, have five extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. Upon binding a PDGF, the receptors form homo- and heterodimers. Dimerization of the receptors juxtaposes the intracellular part of the receptors, which allow phosphorylation in trans between the two receptors in the complex. These autophosphorylation provide docking sites for downstream signal transduction molecules. More than 10 different SH2–domain-containing molecules have been shown to bind to different autophosphorylation sites in the PDGF α- and β-receptors. There are signal transduction molecules with enzymatic activity, such as PI3-kinase, PLC-γ, Src, SHP-2, GAP, as well as adaptor molecules such as Grb2, Shc, Nck, Grb7 and Crk, and Stats. Each of the different partners recruited by the activated receptor initiates different signaling pathways, making possible a great variety of cellular response.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0006)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0006

Beschreibung: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH) is a catalytic enzyme commonly known to be involved in glycolysis. The enzyme exists as a tetramer of identical 37-kDa subunits. GAPDH catalyzes the reversible reduction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphophate in the presence of NADPH. Apart from playing a key role in glycolysis, this ubiquitously expressed enzyme also displays other activities unrelated to its glycolytic function. GAPDH is reported to be involved in the processes of DNA replication, DNA repair, nuclear RNA export, membrane fusion and microtubule bundling. Other studies also provide evidence of GAPDH playing an essential part of the program of gene expression observed in apoptosis and as part of the cellular phenotype of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. On recent study, GAPDH has identified of the most oxidant sensitive cell proteins.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0003)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0003

Beschreibung: Ferredoxin reductase is a ubiquitous flavoenzyme, containing noncovalently bound FAD as a prosthetic group (1). It plays a role in delivering NADPH or low potential one-electron donors such as ferredoxin and flavodoxin to redox-based metabolisms in plastids, mitochondria and bacteria (2). In mammals, ferredoxin reductase is loosely associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane and receives electrons from NADPH. These electrons are transferred to ferredoxin which shuttles electrons to cytochrome P450 in the adrenal cortex mitochondrial steroid hydroxylation systems (3).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0117)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0117

Beschreibung: Transglutaminase(TGase) catalyses the crosslink of proteins by forming -(-glutamyl) lysine isopeptide bonds and requires the binding of Ca2+ for its activity. In mammals, eight distinct TGase isoenzymes have been identified. Tissue transglutaminase (tTGase), also known as TGase 2, has four distinct domains: N-terminal -sandwich, catalytic core and two C-terminal -barrel domains. tTGase may have a role in cell death, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. In the Alzheimer’s disease brain, the elevated tTGase activity is manifested by polymerization of a number of proteins, including A peptide, -amyloid precursor protein and the tau protein, with formation of neurofibrillary tangles.

UOM: 1 * 0,1 mL

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0091)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0091

Beschreibung: Glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs) are ubiquitously expressed proteins which catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxides and organic hydroperoxides by glutathione. There are several isoforms which differ in their primary structure and localization. The classical cytosolic /mitochondrial GPx1 (cGPx) is a selenium-dependent enzyme, first of the GPx family to be discovered. GPx2, also known as gastrointestinal GPx (GI-GPx), is an intracellular enzyme expressed only at the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract (1). Extracellular plasma GPx (pGPx or GPx3) is mainly expressed by the kidney from where it is released into the blood circulation (2). Phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx4 (PH-GPx) expressed in most tissues, can reduce many hydroperoxides including hydroperoxides integrated in membranes, hydroperoxy lipids in low density lipoprotein or thymine (3). All mammalian GPx family members, except for the recently described Cys containing GPx3 and epididymis-specific secretory GPx (eGPx or GPx5) isoforms, possess selenocysteine at the active site (4-5).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0082)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0082

Beschreibung: Glutaredoxin (Grx), also known as thiol transferase, is a small heat-stable oxidoreductase. Grxs form part of the glutaredoxin system, comprising NADPH, GSH and glutathione reductase, which transfers electrons from NADPH to glutaredoxins via GSH (1). First recovered in E.coli as GSH-dependent hydrogen donors for ribonucleotide reductase, Grx catalyzes GSH-disulfide oxido-reductase via two redox-active cysteine residues (2). The active sequence (Cys-Pro-Tyr-Cys) is conserved in a variety of species. The 12 kDa dithiol protein has a role in reduction of mixed disulfides in cells exposed to oxidative stress (3).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0229)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0229

Beschreibung: Anti-G-CSF Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

UOM: 1 * 100 µl

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0277)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0277

Beschreibung: Hemoglobin (haemoglobin, Hb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport protein in the red blood cells of vertebrates. Its chief physiological function is to transport oxygen from the lungs or gills to the tissues where it releases the oxygen for the cellular respiration.
Hb A (most of adult hemoglobin) is a tetrameric protein with a molecular weight of 64,500 Da, consisting of two identical α-chains of 141 amino acids each, and two identical β-chains of 146 amino acids each. Each subunit or chain of Hb A adopts a three dimensional structure, called the globin fold, similar to that of the related, monomeric protein myoglobin (Mb). This fold is an arrangement of the helices which forms a pocket that encloses and binds a heme prosthetic group which consists of an iron (Fe) ion held in a heterocyclic ring, known as a porphyrin.
The binding of oxygen is a cooperative process. The binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is increased by the oxygen saturation of the molecule. the oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin is sigmoidal, or S-shaped, as opposed to the normal hyperbolic curve associated with noncooperative binding. Hemoglobin's oxygen-binding capacity is decreased in the presence of carbon monoxide because both gases compete for the same binding sites on hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide occupies a different binding site on the hemoglobin.
Some mutations in the globin chain are associated with the hemoglobinopathies, such as sickle-cell disease and thalassemia. Hemoglobin (Hb)-based O2 carriers (HBOCs) such as hemoglobin vesicle (HbV) have been investigated as a transfusion alternative and other clinical applications.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0256)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0256

Beschreibung: Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk) belong to a group of protein kinases originally discovered as being involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Cdks are also involved in the regulation of transcription and mRNA processing. A Cdk is activated by association with a cyclin, forming a cyclin-dependent kinase complex.
Cdk1, also known as cell division control protein 2 (cdc2), is one of the components of the maturation promoting factor (MPF) which is essential for G1/S and G2/M phase transitions of eukaryotic cell cycle. Cdk1, when bound to cyclin B, allows a dividing cell to enter into mitosis from G2 and permits the transition from G1 through S in conjunction with cyclin A and cyclin E. The Cdk1 protein is constantly present throughout the cell division cycle, but its activity is finely tuned by means of protein-protein interactions and reversible phosphorylation.
Cdk1 can also enhance cell migration. Increased levels of Cdk1 promote cell migration together with cyclin B2 and the actin-stabilizing protein caldesmon. Phosphorylation of caldesmon bound to actin results in the displacement of caldesmon from actin followed by the altered interaction of actin with myosin. These events contribute to increased cell migration.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0252)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0252

Beschreibung: The p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) comprise a family of serine/threonine kinases that lie at the terminus of the ERK pathway. In humans, the RSK family consists of four isoforms (RSK1 to -4). RSK family members are unusual among serine/threonine kinases in that they contain two distinct kinase domains, both of which are catalytically functional. Theses kinase dimains are activated in a sequential manner by a series of phosphorylations. RSK regulates gene expression via association and phosphorylation of transcriptional regulators including c-Fos, estrogen receptor, NFkappaB/IkappaB α, cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB).
ERK activates the C-terminal kinase of RSK, leading to activation of the N-terminal kinase. Members of the RSK family are present in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus. Addition of growth factor to the cells results in the activation of both cytosolic and nuclear RSK and the translocation of the cytosolic RSK into the nucleus upon activation. The activation and nuclear translocation of RSK result in phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0049)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0049

Beschreibung: The mammalian Phospholipase C(PLC) family has two closely related proteins, PLC1 and PLC2. The PLC isozymes have the core structure domains and a unique array of domains containing an additional PH domain, two SH2 domains and one SH3 domain. In response to extracellular stimuli, such as hormones and growth factors, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) phosphorylate and activate PLC. Activated PLC catalyzes hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to produce the metabolic second messenger molecules inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0285)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0285

Beschreibung: Heat shock proteins are ubiquitous proteins and have been characterized as cytoprotective molecular chaperones. The typical function of a chaperone is to assist a protein to attain its functional conformation to prevent non-functional aggregation of misfolded proteins. The principal HSP families are HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and the small HSPs including HSP27, ubiquitin, α-crystallin, Hsp20 and others. The common functions of small Hsps are chaperone activity, thermotolerance, inhibition of apoptosis, regulation of cell development, and cell differentiation.
Hsp27 has a molecular weight of approximately 27 kDa, although it has been shown to form large aggregates of up to 800 kDa in the cytosol. Hsp27 is found in several types of human cells, including tumour cells. Hsp27 interferes with apoptosis through its ability to interact with and inhibit key components of the apoptotic signaling pathway, including the caspase activation complex. Overexpression of heat shock proteins can increase the tumorigenic potential of tumour cells. HSP27 also has been reported to be involved in development and progression of hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

UOM: 1 * 0,1 mL

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0162)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0162

Beschreibung: β-Catenin was a cytosolic protein originally identified through its association with the cadherin class of cell-adhesion proteins. β-Catenin has two key cellular functions; one plays direct role in cell adhesion/migration, bridging between cadherins and tactin cytoskeleton. The other plays as a transcription cofactor with T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) in the Wnt pathway. Wnt are powerful regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation, and their signaling pathway involves proteins that directly participate in both gene transcription and cell adhesion. Activation of Wnt signaling leads to inhibition of Glycogen synthase-3β (GSK-3β) activity, resulting in accumulation of cytoplasmic (signaling) β-Catenin, which becomes available to bind the TCF/LEF family of transcription factors and to induce target gene expression. In the absence of Wnt signaling, A complex of axin and casein kinase-I(CK-I) induces β-Catenin phospho- rylation at a single site: serine 45(Ser45). This likely serves as a priming site for subsequent phosphorylation by GSK3b. And then β-Catenin is phosphorylated by GSK-3β at Ser33/37 and Thr41. These serine/threonine phosphylation is required for the phosph rylation-dependant degradation of β catenin via ubiquitin-proteosome pathway. Mutation of these phosphorylation sites in β-Catenin has been found in many tumor cell lines.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0287)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0287

Beschreibung: PTEN acts as a phosphatase to dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns (3,4,5)P3). The product of this enzymatic reaction is PtdIns(4,5)P2. This dephosphorylation is important because it results in inhibition of the AKT signaling pathway.
PTEN is a 403 amino acid protein, and a member of the large PTP (protein tyrosine phosphatase) family. PTEN crystal structure revealed that the N-terminal phosphatase domain is followed by a tightly associated C-terminal C2 domain. These two domains together form a minimal catalytic unit. The phosphatase domain contains the active site which carries out the enzymatic function of the protein, whilst the C2 domain allows PTEN to bind to the phospholipid membrane.
PTEN is one of the most commonly lost tumour suppressors in human cancer, and its deregulation is also implicated in several other diseases. Hereditary mutation of PTEN causes tumor-susceptibility diseases such as Cowden disease.

UOM: 1 * 0,1 mL

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0326)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0326

Beschreibung: Ferritin is a ubiquitous and highly conserved protein which plays a major role in iron homeostasis. It is a holoenzyme shell (~450 kDa) consisting of 24 subunits of two types, H(heavy) and L(light), and capable of storing up to 4,500 atoms of ferric iron. Depending on the tissue type and physiologic status of the cell, the ratio of H to L subunits in ferritin can vary widely. It can be viewed not only as part of a group of iron regulatory proteins that include transferrin and the transferrin receptor, but also as a member of
the protein family that orchestrates the cellular defense against stress and inflammation. Ferritin is found in the liver, spleen, kidney and heart. Only a small amount is found in the blood. The blood level of ferritin serves as an indicator of the amount of iron stored in the body.

UOM: 1 * 0,1 mL

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0333)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0333

Beschreibung: Protein phosphatase-1(PP1) is one of the major Ser/Thr protein phosphatases and is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. PP1 is localized to its site of action by interacting with targeting or regulatory proteins, a majority of which contains a primary docking site referred to as the RVXF/W motif.
The catalytic subunit of PP1 exists as three isoforms, PP1a, PP1b, and PP1r. The PP1 catalytic subunits are small proteins of 37kDa, which are highly conserved, with their main differences falling in the C-term. The PP1 catalytic subunit exists in the cell in complex with a large number of targeting/regulatory subunits, thereby generating different enzyme forms that allow it to perform a diverse number of cellular functions.

UOM: 1 * 0,1 mL

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