Sie suchten nach: AbFrontier

Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0339)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0339

Beschreibung: Ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM) proteins are widely distributed proteins located in the cellular cortex, in microvilli and adherens junctions. They are mediate linkage of actin cytoskeleton to plasma membrane in many cells. ERM proteins contain an N-terminal FERM (4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin)
domain that binds to phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)phosphate and cellular membrane proteins. The ERM, particularly ezrin, is important for reconstructing cell-surface architecture during T cell activation. Despite the high degree of homology, the three proteins exhibit a distinct receptor-specific pattern of phosphorylation. ERM activity is regulated in part by phosphorylation at a C-terminal threonine(ezrin-Thr567, radixin-Thr564, moesin-Thr558).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0092)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0092

Beschreibung: Noggin is a 32 kDa glycoprotein that binds to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and antagonizes the action of them. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo. BMPs also regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, lineage determination, motility, and death. BMP antagonists include noggin, chordin, follistatin, ventroptin, twisted gastrulation, Dan, and gremlin etc. They play a crucial role in bone development, by regulating the BMP functions.
Noggin plays a key role in neurulation by inhibiting BMP4, along with other morphogens such as chordin and follistatin and in the formation of the neural plate. Noggin inhibits BMP signaling by blocking the molecular interfaces of the binding epitopes for both type I and type II receptors. It antagonizes the action of BMPs, and induces neural tissue and dorsalizes ventral mesoderm.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0271)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0271

Beschreibung: The Smad family of proteins are functioning in the transmission of extracellular signals in the TGF-β signaling pathway. Binding of a TGF-β superfamily ligands to extracellular receptors triggers phosphorylation of Smad2 at a Serine-Serine-Methionine-Serine (SSMS) motif at its C-terminus. Phosphorylated Smad2 is then able to form a complex with Smad4. These complexes accumulate in the cell nucleus, where they are directly participating in the regulation of gene expression.
In mammals, eight Smad proteins have been identified to date. The Smad family of proteins can be divided into three functional groups: the receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads), common mediator Smads (Co-Smads), and the inhibitory Smads (I-Smads). The R-Smads are directly phosphorylated by the activated type I receptors on their C-terminal Ser-Ser-X-Ser (SSXS) motif and include Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad5, and Smad8. Smad2 and Smad3 are phosphorylated in response to TGF-β and activin, whereas Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8 are phosphorylated in response to BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein). This C-terminal phosphorylation allows R-Smad binding to Co-Smad, Smad4, and translocation to the nucleus where they regulate TGF-β target genes. Smad6 and Smad7 belong to the I-Smad which bind to the type I receptor or Smad4 and block their interaction with R-Smads.
The Smads share sequence similarities, most notably in the N-terminal and carboxy-terminal regions, referred to as the MH1 (Mad Homology 1) and MH2 domains respectively. Smad2 and Smad3 have 66% amino acid sequence identity between their MH1 domains and 96% amino acid sequence identity between their MH2 domains.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0096)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0096

Beschreibung: Glutamine Synthetase(GS) catalyzes the conversion of ammonia and glutamate to glutamine. This reaction consumes a molecule of ATP:
Glutamate + NH4+ + ATP
 Glutamine + ADP + Pi
GS is found in astrocytes as an octamer of identical 45kDa subunits. Most well known function of GS is the detoxification of brain ammonia. It also has an important role in controlling metabolic regulations of neurotransmitter glutamate. Because of the multiple functions and importance of GS in cellular metabolism, both catalytic activities and synthesis are highly regulated. The activity of GS is controlled by adenylylation. Its activity is decreased in the cerebral cortex of brains affected by Alzheimer’s disease, particularly in the vicinity of senile plaques. It is also decreased under conditions of glucose deprivation. On the other hands, the level of expression of GS is increased during ischemia in vivo or hypoxia in culture.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0250)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0250

Beschreibung: Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated by various extracellular signals, such as growth factors, stresses, and cytokines, and play crucial roles in the determination of cell fate through proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis.
Mnk1(MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1) and Mnk2 are protein kinases that are directly phosphorylated and activated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases which phosphorylate at least two threonine residues (Thr197 and Thr202 of the mouse Mnk1) located in the activation loop. Mnks are implicated in the regulation of protein synthesis through their phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), also known as cap-binding protein.
The initiation step of translation is rate-limiting and represents a major target for translational control. The formation of the cap-binding complex eIF4F, which is a multiprotein factor responsible for the recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the mRNA 5′ end, is a key regulatory step. Mnk1 is physically associated with eIF4F and directly phosphorylate eIF4E, a component of the eIF4F complex. eIF4E specifically binds the 5′ m7GpppN cap structure found in all eukaryotic mRNAs and plays a critical role in cap-dependent translation initiation as a central component of the eIF4F complex, which also contains eIF4A and eIF4G.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0251)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0251

Beschreibung: The Ras superfamily of small GTPases includes the Ras, Rho, Arf, Rab, and Ran families. Ras-regulated signal pathways control such as actin cytoskeletal integrity, proliferation, differentiation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell migration. These GTPases function as molecular switches that control eukaryotic cell function by cycling between two interconvertible forms, a GDP-bound inactive form and a GTP-bound active form. The binding of GTP leads to a conformational change in the downstream effector-binding domain of the G-protein.
The small GTPases are monomeric G-proteins with molecular masses over the range 20–30 kDa. Ras is attached to the cell membrane by prenylation.
Mutations in the Ras family of proto-oncogenes (comprising H-Ras, N-Ras and K-Ras) are very common, being found in 20% to 30% of all human tumours. The frequency of RAS mutations is among the highest for any gene in human cancer. K-ras mutations occur frequently in non-small-cell lung, colorectal, and pancreatic carcinomas; H-ras mutations are common in bladder, kidney, and thyroid carcinomas; N-ras mutations are found in melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hematologic malignancies.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0315)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0315

Beschreibung: Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase, which was initially identified as the kinase that phosphorylates glycogen synthase to inhibit glycogen synthesis. GSK3 β
is a ubiquitously expressed kinase that regulates a wide variety of cellular functions including metabolism, gene expression and cytoskeletal integrity. Akt/PI3K reduces GSK-3β activity by phosphorylation of its Ser9
residue. GSK-3 β has a critical role in the regulation of the amount of cyclin D1, as this kinase is involved in both cyclin D1 mRNA transcription and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0223)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0223

Beschreibung: Transglutaminase(TGase) catalyses the crosslink of proteins by forming -(-glutamyl) lysine isopeptide bonds and requires the binding of Ca2+ for its activity. In mammals, eight distinct TGase isoenzymes have been identified. Tissue transglutaminase (tTGase), also known as TGase 2, has four distinct domains: N-terminal -sandwich, catalytic core and two C-terminal -barrel domains. tTGase may have a role in cell death, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. In the Alzheimer’s disease brain, the elevated tTGase activity is manifested by polymerization of a number of proteins, including A peptide, -amyloid precursor protein and the tau protein, with formation of neurofibrillary tangles.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0013)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0013

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0036)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0036

Beschreibung: Glutathione reductase (GR) is a member of pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases, which includes the closely related enzymes thioredoxin reductase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, trypanothione reductase and mercuric ion reductase. GR is a cytoplasmic flavoenzyme widely distributed in aerobic organisms. The dimeric protein is composed of two identical subunits, each containing 1 FAD and 1 redox-active disulfide/dithiol as components of the catalytic apparatus. It plays a role in maintaining glutathione (GSH) in its reduced form by catalyzing the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) (1):
GSSG + NADPH + H+  2GSH + NADP+
In most eukaryotic cells, GR maintains the ratio of [GSH]/[GSSG] elevated, and participates in several vital functions such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species as well as protein and DNA biosynthesis (2).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0005)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0005

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0161)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0161

Beschreibung: IκB kinase α (IKKα) is a component of a multiprotein kinase complex that regulates the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB. Activation of the IKK complex via upstream stimuli leads to phosphorylation and degradation of NF-κB bound IκB(Inhibitor of κB). Subsequently, free NF-κB dimers enter the nucleus and regulate the transcription of a variety of target genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation, etc. The IKK complex consists of 2 highly homologous kinase subunits, IKKα and IKKβ, and a nonenzymatic regulatory component, IKKγ/NEMO. The relative contributions of IKKα and IKKβ to the signalling complex vary according to the requirements of the cell. IKKβ plays a predominant role in immune responses, while IKKα alone appears to be sufficient for at least some developmental systems. Recently, IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway was studied as therapeutic targets in cancer.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0018)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0018

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0031)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0031

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol.

UOM: 1 * 0,1 mL

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0190)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0190

Beschreibung: Ubiquitin+1(Ub+1) is a novel mutant form of ubiquitin that can be produced through a process known as molecular frame shift. Ub+1 can be polyubiquitinated to produce aberrant polyubiquitin chains that inhibit the 26S proteasome. Especially ub+1 is accumulated in aggregates containing amyloid-β and phosphorylated-tau. Elevated expression of Ub+1 mRNA and protein has been observed in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Also Ub+1 acts as an aggravating factor in polyglutamine-induced neurodegeneration.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0205)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0205

Beschreibung: Connexin 43(Cx43) is a widely expressed gap junction protein that
mediates communication between many cell types. Gap junctions are
implicated in tissue homeostasis and control of cell proliferation and
differentiation. Connexin 43 is predominantly localized at the sarcolemma,
where six connexins assemble into a so-called connexon or hemichannel.
Clusters of these channels assemble to make gap junctions. Cx43 is a
target protein of several kinases, among them PKA, PKC, PKG, MAPK,
and casein kinase, but also for protein phosphatases. The
phosphorylation of Cx43 at Ser368 by PKC induces a closure of
Hemichannels. Src can phosphorylate Cx43 to alter gap junction
communication.

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