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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0273)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0273

Beschreibung: Paraoxonases are a group of enzymes invloved in the hydrolysis of organophosphates. Paraoxon, an organophosphate, is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. Besides a toxicological role, clinical interest has focused on a protective role in vascular disease.
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a calcium-dependent ester hydrolase that is tightly associated with apoA-I in HDL. PON1 prevents the oxidation of LDL, thereby the formation of atherogenic oxidised-LDL.
Polymorphisms of the human PON1 gene are correlated with coronary artery disease, indicating a genetic association between PON1 and coronary artery disease. PON1 activity is lower in subjects prone to development of atherosclerosis such as in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, familial hypercholesterolemia, and renal disease, indicating the involvement of PON1 in atherosclerosis development.
PON2 is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular protein that can protect cells against oxidative damage.
PON3 is similar to PON1 in activity but differs from it in substrate specificity.
PON1 and PON3 are implicated in lowering the risk of developing coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. Human PON3 protein shares the 3 conserved cysteine residues identified in PON1, suggesting their importance of in vivo activities.
PON1-based catalytic scavengers can be a way to safe and effective organophosphate intoxication.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0002)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0002

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0195)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0195

Beschreibung: PRAK is a 471 amino acid protein with 20-30% sequence identity to the known MAP kinase-regulated protein kinases RSK1/2/3, MNK1/2 and MAPKAPK2/3.
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an important role in cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli and environmental stress. There are at least six protein kinases that can be regulated by p38α and/or p38β. These downstream kinases of p38s include MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2 or MK2), MAPKAPK3, MAPK-interacting kinase 1 (MNK1), MNK2, p38-activated/regulated protein kinase (PRAK or MAPKAPK5), and mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase (MSK). PRAK can be activated in response to cellular stress and proinflammatory cytokines. T182 within the activation loop of PRAK has been determined to be the regulatory phosphorylation site. PRAK has been reoprted to be essential for ras-induced senescence and tumor suppression. PRAK mediates senescence upon activation by p38 in response to oncogenic ras.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0235)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0235

Beschreibung: IκBα is the major IκB protein member of IκB family that function to inhibit the NF-κB transcription factor. IκBs have an N-terminal regulatory domain, followed by six or more ankyrin repeats and a PEST domain near their C terminus. IκBα inhibits NF-κB by masking the nuclear localization signals (NLS) of NF-κB proteins and keeping them in an inactive state in the cytoplasm. In addition, IκBα blocks the ability of NF-κB transcription factors to bind to DNA, which is required for NF-κB's proper functioning.
Upon stimulation by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), signaling pathways lead to activation of the subunit of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which then phosphorylates IκB proteins on two N-terminal serine residues. The IKK is an unusual kinase in that it contains two related kinases, IKKα and IKKβ, and a regulatory subunit, NEMO (NF-κB essential modifier). The primary role of NF-κB is to maintain normal cellular functions that range from cell-to-cell communication to cell motility, cell cycle progression, and cell lineage development.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0232)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0232

Beschreibung: Creatine kinase (CK), also known as phosphocreatine kinase or creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme expressed by various tissue types. It catalyzes the reversible transfer of the N-phosphoryl group from phosphocreatine (PCr) to ADP to regenerate ATP. Creatine kinase plays a key role in the energy homeostasis of cells with intermittently high, fluctuating energy requirements, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, neurons, photoreceptors, spermatozoa and electrocytes.
Creatine kinase consists of two subunits, which can be either B (brain type) or M (muscle type). Therefore, three different cytosolic isoenzymes exist: CK-MM, CK-BB and CK-MB. Cytosolic CK isoenzymes are always co-expressed in a tissue-specific fashion together with a mitochondrial isoform. Skeletal muscle expresses CK-MM (98%) and low levels of CK-MB (1%). The heart muscle expresses CK-MM at 70% and CK-MB at 25-30%. CK-BB is expressed in all tissues at low levels.
Cytosolic CKs, in close conjunction with Ca2+-pumps, play a crucial role for the energetics of Ca2+-homeostasis. Octameric mitochondrial Mi-CK binds and crosslinks mitochondrial membranes. The CK system is
regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase via PCr/Cr and ATP/AMP ratios.
The cardiac-specific isoenzyme of creatine kinase, CK-MB, is a biomarker for myocardial infarction along with other markers such as cardiac Troponin I and myoglobin. The introduction of immunologic mass determination of CK-MB was a major breakthrough that replaced the traditional enzymatic assay.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0230)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0230

Beschreibung: The complement system is a part of the larger immune system and three biochemical pathways are present: the classical complement pathway, the alternative pathway, and the mannose-binding lectin pathway.
Human complement factor C6 is one of five components (C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9) that interact to form the cytolytic membrane attack complex (MAC) which is the cytolytic end product of the complement cascade. MAC is typically formed on the surface of intruding pathogenic bacterial as a result of the activation of the complement system, and it is one of the ultimate weapons of the immune system.
The sixth component of complement, C6, is a 913 amino acid single polypeptide chain serum glycoprotein. Homology study suggests that C6 could contain two domains, an amino-terminal region that is related to complement C8 and C9, and a carboxyl-terminal region that has partial homology to the complement regulatory proteins factor H and factor I.
Genetic deficiencies of terminal complement components lead to markedly increased susceptibility to only one particular Gram-negative genus, the Neisseria. The susceptibility is attributable to the major role played by complement-mediated killing in host defense against the pathogen.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0109)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0109

Beschreibung: Lactoferrin(Lf), one of transferrin family, is found in external fluids, including milk and mucosal secretions, and prominent components of the secondary granules of neutrophils. Lf consists of a single polypeptide chain (approximately 80 kDa) folded into two structurally homologous lobes, each of which can reversibly bind one ferric ion (Fe3+). Lf plays a central role in iron metabolism and host defense system against microbial infection.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0057)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0057

Beschreibung: CAD (caspase-activated DNase), a 40kDa nuclear protein, is primarily responsible for cell-autonomous DNA degradation during apoptosis. CAD is present in healthy cells where it is held in an inactive state through the association with its inhibitor ICAD. The ICAD protein is inactivated in apoptotic cells via caspase-3 cleavage thereby releasing CAD, which subsequently cleaves chromosomal DNA. CAD is a magnesium-dependent endonuclease specific for double stranded DNA that generates double strand breaks with 3'-hydroxyl ends. The nuclease preferentially attacks chromatin in the internucleosomal linker DNA. However, the nuclease hypersensitive sites can be detected and CAD is potentially involved in large-scale DNA fragmentation as well. CAD-mediated DNA fragmentation triggers chromatin condensation that is another hallmark of apoptosis.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0160)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0160

Beschreibung: p38 MAPK cascade regulates a variety of cellular responses to stress, inflammation and other signals. p38 MAPK is relatively inactive in the non-phosphorylated form and becomes rapidly activated by dual phosphorylation of a Thr-Gly-Tyr motifs. There are four isoforms of p38 MAPK, , ,  and , which differ in their tissue expression and affinity for upstream activators and downstream effectors.
When cells are exposed to tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin-1, heat shock, or other activating stimuli, activation of MAPK kinase-3 and –6 occurs by phosphorylation. Activated MAPK kinase-3/6 phosphorylate each residue of Thr180 and Tyr182 in p38 MAPK. Phospho-p38 MAPK activates ATF-2, CHOP-1, MEF-2 and other transcription factors through phosphorylation.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0339)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0339

Beschreibung: Ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM) proteins are widely distributed proteins located in the cellular cortex, in microvilli and adherens junctions. They are mediate linkage of actin cytoskeleton to plasma membrane in many cells. ERM proteins contain an N-terminal FERM (4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin)
domain that binds to phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)phosphate and cellular membrane proteins. The ERM, particularly ezrin, is important for reconstructing cell-surface architecture during T cell activation. Despite the high degree of homology, the three proteins exhibit a distinct receptor-specific pattern of phosphorylation. ERM activity is regulated in part by phosphorylation at a C-terminal threonine(ezrin-Thr567, radixin-Thr564, moesin-Thr558).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0092)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0092

Beschreibung: Noggin is a 32 kDa glycoprotein that binds to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and antagonizes the action of them. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo. BMPs also regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, lineage determination, motility, and death. BMP antagonists include noggin, chordin, follistatin, ventroptin, twisted gastrulation, Dan, and gremlin etc. They play a crucial role in bone development, by regulating the BMP functions.
Noggin plays a key role in neurulation by inhibiting BMP4, along with other morphogens such as chordin and follistatin and in the formation of the neural plate. Noggin inhibits BMP signaling by blocking the molecular interfaces of the binding epitopes for both type I and type II receptors. It antagonizes the action of BMPs, and induces neural tissue and dorsalizes ventral mesoderm.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0161)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0161

Beschreibung: IκB kinase α (IKKα) is a component of a multiprotein kinase complex that regulates the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB. Activation of the IKK complex via upstream stimuli leads to phosphorylation and degradation of NF-κB bound IκB(Inhibitor of κB). Subsequently, free NF-κB dimers enter the nucleus and regulate the transcription of a variety of target genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation, etc. The IKK complex consists of 2 highly homologous kinase subunits, IKKα and IKKβ, and a nonenzymatic regulatory component, IKKγ/NEMO. The relative contributions of IKKα and IKKβ to the signalling complex vary according to the requirements of the cell. IKKβ plays a predominant role in immune responses, while IKKα alone appears to be sufficient for at least some developmental systems. Recently, IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway was studied as therapeutic targets in cancer.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0134)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0134

Beschreibung: ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways.
When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase(ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0036)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0036

Beschreibung: Glutathione reductase (GR) is a member of pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases, which includes the closely related enzymes thioredoxin reductase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, trypanothione reductase and mercuric ion reductase. GR is a cytoplasmic flavoenzyme widely distributed in aerobic organisms. The dimeric protein is composed of two identical subunits, each containing 1 FAD and 1 redox-active disulfide/dithiol as components of the catalytic apparatus. It plays a role in maintaining glutathione (GSH) in its reduced form by catalyzing the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) (1):
GSSG + NADPH + H+  2GSH + NADP+
In most eukaryotic cells, GR maintains the ratio of [GSH]/[GSSG] elevated, and participates in several vital functions such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species as well as protein and DNA biosynthesis (2).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0005)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0005

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0315)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0315

Beschreibung: Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase, which was initially identified as the kinase that phosphorylates glycogen synthase to inhibit glycogen synthesis. GSK3 β
is a ubiquitously expressed kinase that regulates a wide variety of cellular functions including metabolism, gene expression and cytoskeletal integrity. Akt/PI3K reduces GSK-3β activity by phosphorylation of its Ser9
residue. GSK-3 β has a critical role in the regulation of the amount of cyclin D1, as this kinase is involved in both cyclin D1 mRNA transcription and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis.

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