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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0090)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0090

Beschreibung: ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways.
When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase(ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0206)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0206

Beschreibung: The members of the Src-family kinases are Src, Lyn, Fyn, Yes, Hck, Lck,
Fgr, Blk, and Yrk. Each of these have a common structure consisting of an
unique domain at the N-terminal, followed by SH3, SH2 and tyrosine
kinase domains.
In immume cells, the Src-family kinases play roles as critical regulators of
a large number of intracellular signaling pathways, including integrin
signaling pathway. Integrins are major cellular receptor that mediate cell to
cell and cell to substratum interactions.
Lck is expressed almost exclusively in T cells and interacts with
cytoplasmic regions of CD4 and CD8 coreceptor molecules, and thus
plays an important role in relaying TCR-mediated activation signal. Lck is
regulated by phosphorylation of its Tyr394 and Tyr505.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0197)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0197

Beschreibung: The two ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH) enzymes, UCHL1 and UCHL3, deubiquitinate ubiquitin-protein conjugates and control the cellular balance of ubiquitin. UCHL1 and UCHL3 are both small proteins of ~220 amino acids that share more than 40% amino acid sequence identity.
UCHL3 is universally expressed in all tissues, while UCHL1 is expressed exclusively in neuronal tissue, testis and ovary.
The activity of UCHL3 is more than 200 fold higher than UCHL1 when a fluorogenic ubiquitin substrate is used. UCHL1 associates with monoubiquitin and UCHL3 binds to Nedd8, ubiquitin-like protein.
UCHL1 and UCHL3 play a role in the regulation of neuronal development and spermatogenesis.
UCHL1 is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Down-regulation and extensive oxidative modification of UCHL1 have been observed in the brains of AD patients as well as PD patients.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0219)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0219

Beschreibung: Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a ubiquitous and conserved Serine/Threonine phosphatase and accounts for a large fraction of phosphatase activity in eukaryotic cells. PP2A plays an important role in cell cycle regulation, cell growth control, development, regulation of various signal transduction pathways, and cell mobility.
PP2A comprises A and B subunits which are regulatory and a catalytic C subunit. When the PP2A catalytic C subunit (36 kDa) associates with the regulatory A (65 kDa, PR65) and B subunits (PR55, PR56, PR72, PR93 etc), wide variety of heterotrimeric holoenzymes are produced with distinct functions and characteristics. The different association of the subunits give PP2A large regulatory flexibility and differential substrate specificity. The A subunit exists as two isoforms ( α and β ) as does the C subunit, whereas the B subunits fall into three families designated B, B' (also called B56), and B''. The A subunit is the scaffold required for the formation of the heterotrimeric complex and the binding of A subunit alters the enzymatic activity of the catalytic subunit, even if the B subunit is absent.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0166)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0166

Beschreibung: Akt(protein kinase B, PKB) is a serine/threonine protein kinase. Akt is activated by PI3 kinase, which is itself activated by tyrosine kinase (Thr308, Ser473). Akt/PKB controls vital cellular functions such as cell survival/apoptosis, cell cycle progression and glucose metabolism. It also acts down-stream from growth factors and hormones.
Akt/PKB can inhibit cell cycle arrest by phosphorylating p21. Also, Akt/PKB may potentiate cell cycle progression through increased translation of cyclin D. Akt/PKB directly affects the apoptosis pathway by, for example, targeting the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 related protein, BAD. It also can phosphorylate three kinases upstream of SAPK. The SAPK system consists of two groups of kinases, and JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways. The SAPK pathway is an important target for Akt/PKB regulation to promote cell survival. Akt/PKB is able to regulate cell survival through transcriptional factors(Forkhead, nuclear factor-kB(NF-kB), Murine double minute 2(Mdm2)) that are responsible for pro- as well as anti-apoptotic genes. One of the first physiological targets of PKB to be identified was glycogen synthase kinase-3(GSK3), which has been associated with the control of many cellular processes, including glycogen and protein synthesis, and the modulation of transcription factor activity. The involvement of Akt in disease processes like malignancy, neurodegeneration and abnormal glucose metabolism has also been demonstrated.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0292)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0292

Beschreibung: Sequential activation of protein kinases within the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) cascades is a common mechanism of signal transduction in many cellular processes. The ERK signaling cascade is a central MAPK pathway that plays a role in the regulation of various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, development, learning, and survival. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKK) phosphorylate MAPK. MEK (MAP kinase or ERK kinase) is the immediate upstream activator kinase of ERK.
MEK6 encodes a 334-amino acid protein with 82% identity to MKK3. MEK6 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle like many other members of this family, but in contrast to MKK3 its expression in leukocytes is very low. The human MEKs (MEK1, MEK2, MEK3) show remarkably different activity toward ERKl and ERK2. MEK2 is the most active ERK activator. MEK3 is inactive toward ERKl or ERK2. MEK3, MEK4, and MEK6 phosphorylate and activate p38 MAP kinase. The p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signal transduction pathway is activated by proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress. Transcription factors such as ATF2 and Elk-1 are targets of the p38 MAP kinase signal transduction pathway.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0113)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0113

Beschreibung: Synaptotagmins(Syts) are a large gene family of synaptic vesicle integral membrane proteins. Syt functions as regulators of both exocytosis /endocytosis and is involved in neurotransmitter secretion from small secretory vesicles. 13 isoforms of Syt have been identified(SytI-XIII).
SynaptotagminVI is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and/or Golgi-like perinuclear compartment. It may be important for trafficking and calcium signaling as it is specially expressed in non-neuronal tissues. Also SytVI is present in the acrosomal region of mammalian spermatozoa. The cytosolic domain of SytVI can abrogate exocytosis by competing with the endogenous protein for essential interactions with the fusion machinery involved in a acrosomal exocytosis.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0117)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0117

Beschreibung: Transglutaminase(TGase) catalyses the crosslink of proteins by forming -(-glutamyl) lysine isopeptide bonds and requires the binding of Ca2+ for its activity. In mammals, eight distinct TGase isoenzymes have been identified. Tissue transglutaminase (tTGase), also known as TGase 2, has four distinct domains: N-terminal -sandwich, catalytic core and two C-terminal -barrel domains. tTGase may have a role in cell death, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. In the Alzheimer’s disease brain, the elevated tTGase activity is manifested by polymerization of a number of proteins, including A peptide, -amyloid precursor protein and the tau protein, with formation of neurofibrillary tangles.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0047)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0047

Beschreibung: The c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNKs) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) group. JNKs, which are essential regulators of physiological and pathological processes, are involved in several diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, stroke, and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. The JNK family consists of three isoforms; JNK1 and JNK2, which are ubiquitous, and JNK3, which is present primarily in the heart, brain and testis. Differential splicing and exon use yield 10 isoforms of JNK. JNK1 is an important mediator of insulin resistance associated with obesity, but it is also indispensable for the intact cytoarchitecture of the brain.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0198)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0198

Beschreibung: Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is an adaptor and signaling protein that
couples integrins to the actin cytoskeleton and coordinates signal transduction from extracellular matrix and growth factors.
By interacting with the focal adhesion proteins PINCH, paxillin, and parvin, ILK regulates integrin-mediated cell adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics within focal adhesions to regulate cell adhesion, spreading, and migration.
ILK is involved in the suppression of apoptosis and promotion of cell survival through the phosphorylation of AKT(Ser473), GSK-3(Ser9), myosin light chain(Ser18/19), and affixin.
ILK activity is stimulated by PI3 kinase and negatively regulated by the tumor suppressor PTEN.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0359)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0359

Beschreibung: Coilin is a component of the nuclear Cajar(coiled) bodies (CBs) which are involved in the function or assembly/disassembly of nucleoplasmic snRNPs.
Human coilin is a 576-amino acid protein found enriched in CBs, but is also found in large amounts in the nucleoplasm.
Coilin is a constitutive phosphoprotein that is hyperphosphorylated during mitosis and it is thought that hyperphosphorylation triggers CB disassembly during cell replication. Self-interaction and localization have been shown to depend on the phosphorylation state of coilin.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0364)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0364

Beschreibung: Interferon alpha-2(IFNa2) which have antiviral activities, produced by macrophages. Three forms exist; alpha-2a, alpha-2b and alpha-2c.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0135)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0135

Beschreibung: Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are pattern recognition molecules that recognize bacteria and their unique cell wall component, peptidoglycan (PGN).
Mammals have four PGRPs, designated in humans PGRP-S(24kDa), PGRP-L(60~65kDa), PGRP-Iα(38kDa), and PGRP-Iβ(44kDa). Human PGRPs are differentially expressed in various tissues and organs: PGRP-S mainly in the bone marrow and Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs), PGRP-L mainly in the liver, and PGRP-Ia and PGRP-Ib mainly in the esophagus.
The function of only one mammalian PGRP, PGRP-S, is currently known. Mouse PGRP-S is present in neutrophils and inhibits growth of Gram-positive bacteria and, therefore, may function as a neutrophil antibacterial protein.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0025)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0025

Beschreibung: The mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of selenocysteine-containing pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxido-reductases. All the mammalian TrxRs are homologous to glutathione reductase with respect to primary structure including the conserved redox catalytic site (-Cys-Val-Asn-Val-Gly-Cys-) but distinctively with a C-terminal extension containing a catalytically active penultimate selenocysteine (SeCys) residue in the conserved sequence(-Gly-Cys-SeCys-Gly). TrxR is homodimeric protein in which each monomer includes an FAD prosthetic group, a NADPH binding site and a redox catalytic site. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via FAD and the active-site disulfide to C-terminal SeCys-containing redox center, which then reduces the substrate like thioredoxin. The members of TrxR family are 55 – 58 kilodalton in molecular size and composed of three isoforms including cytosolic TrxR1, mitochondrial TrxR2, and TrxR3, known as Trx and GSSG reductase (TGR). TrxR plays a key role in protection of cells against oxidative stress and redox-regulatory mechanism of transcription factors and various biological phenomena (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0001)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0001

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0053)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0053

Beschreibung: Cyclin D3, ~34kDa, is a member of cyclin D family that promotes cell cycle progression to the DNA systhesis (S) phase. Cyclins complexed with cyclin-dependent kinases(CDKs) mediate phosphorylation of other proteins relevant to cell proliferation. D-type cyclins and their complexing CDKs phosphorylate the retinoblastoma gene product with influences transcription of growth-controlling genes. Cyclin D3 regulates cell proliferation during hematopoiesis, carcinogenesis, and may have function in the terminally differentiated cells. In recent studies, there is reports that cyclin D3 involves in multiple myeloma and malignant precursor T cells.

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