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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0013)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0013

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0036)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0036

Beschreibung: Glutathione reductase (GR) is a member of pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases, which includes the closely related enzymes thioredoxin reductase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, trypanothione reductase and mercuric ion reductase. GR is a cytoplasmic flavoenzyme widely distributed in aerobic organisms. The dimeric protein is composed of two identical subunits, each containing 1 FAD and 1 redox-active disulfide/dithiol as components of the catalytic apparatus. It plays a role in maintaining glutathione (GSH) in its reduced form by catalyzing the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) (1):
GSSG + NADPH + H+  2GSH + NADP+
In most eukaryotic cells, GR maintains the ratio of [GSH]/[GSSG] elevated, and participates in several vital functions such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species as well as protein and DNA biosynthesis (2).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0005)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0005

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0182)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0182

Beschreibung: Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) family govern mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and can be either pro-apoptotic (Bax, BAD, Bak, Bid and Bok) or anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w). Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and subsequent release of apoptotic factors are key mechanisms during this process.
The members of the Bcl-2 family share one or more of the four characteristic domains of homology entitled the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains (named BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4).
Bid consists of only one Bcl-2 homology domain, BH3. Bid cleavage to tBid (truncated Bid) activates apoptotic pathway at the mitochondrial level. Cleavage of cytosolic Bid and subsequent mitochondrial translocation have been detected in neuronal cell death related to acute or chronic neurodegeneration. Pharmacological inhibition of Bid can be a promising therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases where programmed cell death is prominent.
After Bid activation and mitochondrial translocation, the most prominent downstream mechanisms of Bid-dependent neuronal apoptosis involve disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity and intracellular calcium homoeostasis and the release of pro-apoptotic mitochondrial factors such as cytochrome c.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0282)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0282

Beschreibung: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, with a prevalence of 1–2% in population aged 65 years or older. PD is a complex, multifactorial disorder that typically manifests after the age of 50 years.
The pathology involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies (intraneuronal accumulations of aggregated proteins), in surviving neurons in various areas of the brain. α-synuclein and parkin are thought to be firmly associated with PD.
The exact biological function of the DJ-1 protein is currently unknown. It may play a role in the oxidative stress response, and this function could be important in preventing the onset of PD. Defects in PARK7 are the cause of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease 7 (PARK7).
The human DJ-1 protein contains 189 amino acid residues. DJ-1 may possess an active site and could also be a protease/hydrolase similar to the PfpI proteases.
The DJ-1 gene has been highly conserved in evolution. The structures of the mouse and human DJ-1 genes are similar, and human and mouse DJ-1 proteins display 90% amino acid identity.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0073)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0073

Beschreibung: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is a growing peroxidase family, whose mammalian members have been known to connect with cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Many isoforms (about 50 proteins), collected in accordance to the amino acid sequence homology, particularly amino-terminal region containing active site cysteine residue, and the thiol-specific antioxidant activity, distribute throughout all the kingdoms. Among them, mammalian Prx consists of 6 different members grouped into typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys Prx, and 1-Cys Prx. Except Prx VI belonging to 1-Cys Prx subgroup, the other five 2-Cys Prx isotypes have the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase (TPx) activity utilizing thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH as a reducing system. Mammalian Prxs are 20 – 30 kilodalton in molecular size and vary in subcellular localization: Prx I, II, and VI in cytosol, Prx III in mitochondria, Prx IV in ER and secretion, Prx V showing complicated distribution including peroxisome, mitochondria and cytosol (1).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0189)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0189

Beschreibung: Plasminogen, a 92kDa glycoprotein, is produced by the liver and is present in plasma and extracellular fluids. Plasminogen is the inactive precursor of plasmin, a potent serine protease involved in the dissolution of fibrin blood clots. Plasminogen can be converted into the active plasmin by plasminogen activators urokinase (uPA), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), factor XII-dependent components. The plasmin system has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes such as fibrinolysis, tissue remodeling, cell migration, inflammation, and tumor invasion and metastasis. Hereditary defects of plasminogen is a predisposing risk factor for thromboembolic disease.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0361)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0361

Beschreibung: Enolase (2-phosphogly-cerate hydrolyase or phosphopyruvate hydrates) is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration and conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. It comprises three distinct subunits, alpha, beta and gamma. Non Neuronal Enolase(ENO1) is an isoform of mammalian enolase and is composed of 2 alpha subunits. The gene for ENO1 also encodes a shorter monomeric structural lens protein, tau-crystallin.
Multifunctional enzyme that, as well as its role in glycolysis, plays a part in various processes such as growth control, hypoxia tolerance and allergic responses. May also function in the intravascular and pericellular fibrinolytic system due to its ability to serve as a receptor and activator of plasminogen on the cell surface of several cell-types such as leukocytes and neurons. Stimulates immunoglobulin production.
Used as a diagnostic marker for many tumors and, in the heterodimeric form, alpha/gamma, as a marker for hypoxic brain injury after cardiac arrest. Also marker for endometriosis. Antibodies against alpha-enolase are present in sera from patients with cancer-associated retinopathy syndrome (CAR), a progressive blinding disease which occurs in the presence of systemic tumor growth, primarily small-cell carcinoma of the lung and other malignancies. Is identified as an autoantigen in Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE) a rare autoimmune disease associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). HT is a disorder in which destructive processes overcome the potential capacity of thyroid replacement leading to hypothyroidism

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0109)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0109

Beschreibung: Lactoferrin(Lf), one of transferrin family, is found in external fluids, including milk and mucosal secretions, and prominent components of the secondary granules of neutrophils. Lf consists of a single polypeptide chain (approximately 80 kDa) folded into two structurally homologous lobes, each of which can reversibly bind one ferric ion (Fe3+). Lf plays a central role in iron metabolism and host defense system against microbial infection.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0171)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0171

Beschreibung: Prothrombin precursor is synthesized in liver as a precursor of prothrombin containing a signal sequence and a propeptide domain at the N-terminus. Before its secretion into plasma, this precursor undergoes several posttranslational modifications, including removal of signal sequence and propeptide domains, glycosylation, and γ-glutamyl-carboxylation reaction. Prothrombin, cleaved by the prothrombinase enzyme complex that consists of serine protease factor Xa, cofactor Va, phospholipids and calcium, is converted to thrombin which converts fibrinogen into fibrin which in turn strengthens a protective clot. Activation of prothrombin is crucial in physiological and pathological coagulation. Various rare diseases involving prothrombin(e.g. hypoprothrombinemia) have been described.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0059)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0059

Beschreibung: ubiquitously expressed proteins which catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxides and organic hydroperoxides by glutathione. There are several isoforms which differ in their primary structure and localization. The classical cytosolic/mitochondrial GPx1 (cGPx) is a selenium-dependent enzyme, first of the GPx family to be discovered. GPx2, also known as gastrointestinal GPx (GI-GPx), is an intracellular enzyme expressed only at the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract (1). Extracellular plasma GPx (pGPx or GPx3) is mainly expressed by the kidney from where it is released into the blood circulation (2). Phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx4 (PH-GPx) expressed in most tissues, can reduce many hydroperoxides including hydroperoxides integrated in membranes, hydroperoxy lipids in low density lipoprotein or thymine (3). All mammalian GPx family members, except for the recently described Cys containing GPx3 and epididymis-specific secretory GPx (eGPx or GPx5) isoforms, possess selenocysteine at the active site (4-5).

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0255)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0255

Beschreibung: Caspase-activated DNase (CAD) cleaves chromosomal DNA during apoptosis. Apoptosis which is a cell death process removing toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including the death factors of the tumor necrosis factor family,  or UV irradiation, anticancer drugs, and survival factor deprivation. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units.
CAD, which can be activated by caspases, exists as a complex with its inhibitor, inhibitor of CAD (ICAD). ICAD helps correct folding of CAD and remains complexed with CAD to inhibit the DNase activity of CAD. Caspase, which is activated during the apoptotic process, cleaves ICAD, and the CAD released from ICAD enters the nuclei to cleave the chromosomal DNA. Internal as well as external signals can activate caspases and this is under the control of the balance between pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, heat shock proteins, and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Currently, fourteen members of the caspase family have been identified, of which seven mediate apoptosis.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0058)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0058

Beschreibung: A growing body of evidence relates selenium to cancer prevention, immune system function, male fertility, cardiovascular disorder, control of the aging and neurodiseases process. Selenoproteins are thought to be responsible for the majority of these biomedical effects of selenium. Approximately 17 selenoproteins have been identified until now. Although the function of many selenoproteins are unknown, some play important roles in anti-oxidant mechanisms. It has been also implicated in the regulation of  signaling pathways through catalysis of thiol/ disulfide exchange.
Selenoprotein M(SelM) is especially expressed in a mammalian brain and is localized to the perinuclear structures (Golgi/ER). The roles of selM have not been clearly identified until present time.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0257)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0257

Beschreibung: Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk) belong to a group of protein kinases originally discovered as being involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Cdks are also involved in the regulation of transcription and mRNA processing. A Cdk is activated by association with a cyclin, forming a cyclin-dependent kinase complex.
Cdk1, also known as cell division control protein 2 (cdc2), is one of the components of the maturation promoting factor (MPF) which is essential for G1/S and G2/M phase transitions of eukaryotic cell cycle. Cdk1, when bound to cyclin B, allows a dividing cell to enter into mitosis from G2 and permits the transition from G1 through S in conjunction with cyclin A and cyclin E. The Cdk1 protein is constantly present throughout the cell division cycle, but its activity is finely tuned by means of protein-protein interactions and reversible phosphorylation.
Cdk1 can also enhance cell migration. Increased levels of Cdk1 promote cell migration together with cyclin B2 and the actin-stabilizing protein caldesmon. Phosphorylation of caldesmon bound to actin results in the displacement of caldesmon from actin followed by the altered interaction of actin with myosin. These events contribute to increased cell migration.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-MA0161)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-MA0161

Beschreibung: IκB kinase α (IKKα) is a component of a multiprotein kinase complex that regulates the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB. Activation of the IKK complex via upstream stimuli leads to phosphorylation and degradation of NF-κB bound IκB(Inhibitor of κB). Subsequently, free NF-κB dimers enter the nucleus and regulate the transcription of a variety of target genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation, etc. The IKK complex consists of 2 highly homologous kinase subunits, IKKα and IKKβ, and a nonenzymatic regulatory component, IKKγ/NEMO. The relative contributions of IKKα and IKKβ to the signalling complex vary according to the requirements of the cell. IKKβ plays a predominant role in immune responses, while IKKα alone appears to be sufficient for at least some developmental systems. Recently, IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway was studied as therapeutic targets in cancer.

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Artikel-Nr: (ABFRLF-PA0089)

Lieferant: AbFrontier

Hersteller Artikel Nummer : LF-PA0089

Beschreibung: p38 MAPK cascade regulates a variety of cellular responses to stress, inflammation and other signals. p38 MAPK is relatively inactive in the non-phosphorylated form and becomes rapidly activated by dual phosphorylation of a Thr-Gly-Tyr motifs. There are four isoforms of p38 MAPK, , ,  and , which differ in their tissue expression and affinity for upstream activators and downstream effectors.
When cells are exposed to tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin-1, heat shock, or other activating stimuli, activation of MAPK kinase-3 and –6 occurs by phosphorylation. Activated MAPK kinase-3/6 phosphorylate each residue of Thr180 and Tyr182 in p38 MAPK. Phospho-p38 MAPK activates ATF-2, CHOP-1, MEF-2 and other transcription factors through phosphorylation.

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